Chapt-3-Current-Theories-of-Emotions-Psychology-of.ppt

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1、Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions1Chapter 3Current Theories of Emotions Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions2Cerebral cortexvisceraSkeletal musclesreceptor1234James-Lange theory(1890s)Bodily changes are necessary and sufficient conditions for emotions。Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions3Cerebral cortexthalamus

2、visceraSkeletal musclesreceptor12345Cannon-Bard theory(1920s)Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions4生物社会研究观点(bio-social approach)特点：注重情绪的生理/表情行为反应成分，生理过程是情绪过程中必须的和充分的过程；注重遗传和生物基础对情绪各方面特点的作用；社会/认知/学习/自我/角色/文化等因素的作用是与生物因素相互作用地影响情绪过程；主要研究：具体情绪（discrete emotion)；情绪的生物基础；情绪与高级认知的相互作用；情绪与人格特质的关系；情绪发展与人格发展；情绪发展与心

3、理病理发展；Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions6Magda Arnold(1954)cognitive appraisal theoryAn emotions is a felt tendencyfelt tendency toward anything appraised as good and away from anything appraised as bad.情绪是一种感受倾向，或趋近或回避，由评价决定；评价是(引起)情绪的核心问题；情绪反映关系：情绪是主体对客体评价的结果；评价-情绪；评价是个体对客体的主观反应,反映客观环境是否符合个体主观的需要和愿望;

4、躯体生理变化的作用：不同类型的情绪被特异的躯体变化所强化（？）；Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions7代表作：emotion and personality(1960),the human person(1954),Feeling and emotion:The Loyola Symposium(1970),Emotion and memory(1984);Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions8Objects Felt tendencyAttractive toRepulsion fromCognitive appraisalBodily c

5、hangesArnold s appraisal theoryFall,2008Psychology of Emotions10R.S.Lazarus拉扎勒斯(1966/1991)人与环境的关系取决于个体在该环境中的意义感受和评价过程评价过程评价过程评价过程；Why do we do appraisal?Appraisal involves an appreciation of a particular harm or benefit in the relationship with the environment,with its manifold implications for well

6、-being,action and coping.Core relational theme:the central relational harm or benefit underlies each specific kind of emotion;有利环境-正情绪有害环境-负情绪Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions11StimulusAppraisal Subjective feeling Expressive behaviorsPhysiological responsesFall,2008Psychology of Emotions13Core relatio

7、nal themes for each emotion(2)Sadness:having experienced an irrevocable不可挽回的 loss;Jealousy:resenting a third part for loss or threat to anothers affection;Disgust:taking or being too close to an indigestible object or idea;Happiness:making reasonable progress to ward the realization of a goal;Fall,2

8、008Psychology of Emotions15Primary appraisal：影响自我良好感觉。Goal-relevance与目标是否有关？Goal congruence or un-congruence 与目标是否一致？Types of ego involvement自我卷入的类型？Self-Social esteemMoral valuesEgo-idealsMeaning and ideasOther persons and their well-beingLife goalsFall,2008Psychology of Emotions16eventsemotionNo e

9、motion yes noGoal relevancePositive ENegative EGoal congruence yesnohappiness pride love angerFear and anxiety sadnessEgo involvementEnhance self-esteemMutual affection伤自尊对自我有威胁失去自我Not relevant评价与情绪，Lazarus,1991Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions18Self theory,feeling and emotionThe more the perception o

10、r cognition related to the center,or core,of the self,the more likely it is to involve feeling or emotion;Self concept is attacked-fearful and defensive;Self concept is accepted and approvedinteresting and joyfulFall,2008Psychology of Emotions19Self-discrepancy theoryActual self versus ideal selfVul

11、nerable to dejection-related problemSad and emptydepressionActual self versus ought selfVulnerable to agitation-related problemFear and tensionanxietyFall,2008Psychology of Emotions20自我与情绪研究的重点注重自我与情绪的关系；注重不同自我之间冲突与情绪的关系；注重情绪感受的动力性和适应；不注重具体情绪/情绪的生理成分；注重临床实践；Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions21情绪本质：基于情绪

12、知识&情绪记忆角度的研究Fehr and Russell(1984)200 undergraduate studentsTask:to recall emotional words as more as possible in 1 min;Results:383 different examples of emotions196 mentioned by at least by 2 subjectsMost frequent list of words:happiness,anger,sadness,love,fear,hate,and joy.Fall,2008Psychology of E

13、motions22Lists of Basic emotionsIzard(1977):interest,joy,surprise,distress,anger,disgust,sadness,shame,guilty,shy,fear,contempt;Ekman(1984):fear,anger,sadness,disgust,surprise,happiness.Epstein(1984):fear,anger,sadness,joy,love and affection.Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions24Emotion knowledge based o

14、n prototypes原型Prototypes/schemas of emotions:Everyday thinking about emotions,namely,cognitive representation about emotional episodes.about actual nature of human emotion.Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions25Hierarchical structure of the emotion domain(Phillip Shaver,et.al,2001)Method:213 emotion names

15、 were rated for their proto-typicality by 120 undergraduate students subjects;4 points scale rating:（情绪的典型性评定）1:I definitely would not call this an emotion4:I definitely would call this an emotion;Familiarity rating熟悉程度的评定:I am not sure what this word mean (14)Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions26Hierar

16、chical structure of the emotion domain Results:213 emotion names have their prototypically ratings and unfamiliarity proportions;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions28ABCDlovejoysurpriseangersadfearResult of Cluster analysisFall,2008Psychology of Emotions29LoveAffection爱情:adoration爱慕,liking喜欢,love爱,attra

17、ction,caring,tenderness温柔,compassion同情,sentimentality多愁善感Lust欲望:Passion激情,infatuation沉醉 Longing渴望Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions31fearAlarm:shock,fear,fright,horror,terrorAnxiety:tenseness,uneasiness,worry,distressFall,2008Psychology of Emotions32angerAgitationAngerDisgustEnvytormentFall,2008Psychol

18、ogy of Emotions33joyAmusement:bliss,cheerfulness,delightEnthusiasm,zeal,excitement,Pleasure,Pride,Hope,RapturereliefFall,2008Psychology of Emotions34surpriseAmazementSurpriseastonishmentFall,2008Psychology of Emotions35Contents of basic emotion prototypesMethod120 college students Task:wrote descrip

19、tions of actual episodes in which they experienced fear,sadness,anger,joy,and loveFall,2008Psychology of Emotions36Think of a real incident in which you were afraid(or sad/anger/joy).Take a few moments to recall as many details of the incident as you can.1.Tell in details what happened to cause you

20、to feel afraid(sadness,etc.)2.Tell in as much details as you canWhat you are feeling and thinking;What you said,if anything,and how you said itWhat physical signs of fear(sadness,etc.)you showed,if any,andWhat you did,how you acted?Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions373.About how long did the feeling la

21、st?How was it resolved?What caused it to change or subside?4.Can you add anything that would help to describe the emotion episodes more fully?Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions38Contain in each emotion prototypeAntecedentResponses:diverse collection of experiential,physiological,cognitive,expressive,be

22、havioralSelf control procedures(for negative emotions)E.G.The prototype of fearAntecedent:Threat of social rejection(28)Possibility of loss or failure(18)Loss of control or competence(24)Threat of harm or death(68)Being in a novel,and unfamiliar situation(43)Being alone(28)Being in the dark(16)Fall,

23、2008Psychology of Emotions39Fear-responsesSweating,perspiring(14)Feeling nervous,jittery,jumpy(48)Shaking,quivering,trembling(17)Eyes darting,looking quickly around(10)Crying for helpHiding from the threat,trying not to moveTalking less,being speechless;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions40Fear-regulati

24、on/copingActing unafraid,hiding the fear from others(23)Comforting oneself Telling oneself everything is all rightTrying to keep calmFall,2008Psychology of Emotions41Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions42Implication of emotion knowledgeEmotioncognition blendsCognitive processing of emotional experiences

25、and eventsCross-cultural studiesDevelopment of emotion knowledgeFall,2008Psychology of Emotions43A.M.Isen的研究Eliciting positive emotion and their effects on behaviorsTold of skill success:Larger donation to charity,and help stranger;Given cookies:More helpful,less annoying in library;Free gift:Better

26、 recall of positive memories,report fewer problems with consumer goods;Comedy film and candy Better creative problem solving;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions44G.H.Bower 的研究Mood-congruent effect：心境影响回忆/社会互动/解释。情绪诱发方法：催眠，听音乐自变量：情绪（快乐 悲伤）因变量：回忆/其它的认知操作；实验A：1、回忆15岁前的事件；2、在中性心境对这些事件进行分类；3、在不同心境下回忆这些事件；Fal

27、l,2008Psychology of Emotions45回忆数目不愉快材料愉快材料happysad心境一致回忆Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions46Bower 的其它研究实验B：X：心境（快乐/悲伤）任务：TATY：对TAT的解释；结果：快乐-快乐解释；悲伤-悲伤解释；研究意义：临床Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions47Bower 的情绪记忆网络模型每一个基本情绪在记忆网络中被表征为一些基本的“节点”（nodes)，例如生理的、行为的、认知的、主观体验等；例如愤怒：血压升高、肌肉紧张、尖叫、生闷气等，以及引起愤怒的事件和人物的特点/印

28、象等。Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions48认知建构理论的最大贡献是将认知建构到情绪之中，指出情绪是有理性参与建构的，情绪可以通过理性调整。他们只关注的是认知对情绪的影响。从认知的角度，以认知心理学的方法来研究情绪。认知建构理论的过分的地方，是太强调理性情绪之中的作用和地位了。几乎认定认知决定情绪，认知影响情绪，或者情绪就是认知。这个观点是忽视了情绪的独特力量。如果情绪可以作用为独立系统,那么,这个系统是什么?他们如何工作?其结构如何?the nature of Emotion?Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions49Nature of e

29、motions?如果情绪可以作用为独立系统,那么,这个系统是什么?他们如何工作?其结构如何?Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions50认知-主观感受神经-生理过程表情-行为过程Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions51Sylvan S.Tomkins(1962/1978/1995)Key points:Emotions are innately determined 先天预成 and as a primary biological motivating mechanism interacts with the secondary or learn

30、ed drive system.Innate:先天的;Motivating:Act as Amplifiers放大器;使内驱力放大/缩小;Emotions are not instincts;Basic(innate)primary affects:interest/excitement,enjoyment/joy,surprise/startle,distress/anguish,disgust/contempt,anger/rage,shame/humiliation,and fear/terror;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions52刺激评价基本情绪Fall

31、,2008Psychology of Emotions53emotionsinstinctsEmotions act as amplifiers to instinctFall,2008Psychology of Emotions54Sylvan S.Tomkins(1962/1978/1995)Key points:Three main components of each emotion:facial expression,physiology and feeling,these components each provoking each other by feedback.Facial

32、 expression is the major mechanism of analogic amplification.Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions55生理反应表情行为主观感受诱发原因(activator)Act as amplifierFall,2008Psychology of Emotions56Case study 1Fear,losing ones job or beloved,develop a cancer,or not have enough air to breathePleasure:the rate of anoxic deprivat

33、ion become slower缓慢缺氧,would develop a euphoric欣快 state.-不同情绪具有不同的内部机制;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions57Case study 2Sexual arousal activity and affective amplifier:Disrupted by shame,rage,fear and boredom;Amplified by happy,interest,admire,pride.情绪对本能的放大作用Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions58Script 脚本 th

34、eory:Differential分化 Magnification放大器 of affects(Tomkins,1978)Emotional Scripts:Secondary&learned affective amplifier;Scripts are emotional habits started from early life,and sustained and become amplifiers in development of life.Commitment scripts承诺脚本:Affect management scripts情感管理脚本:Aggressive scrip

35、ts攻击Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions59Script=plot of life生活计划/地图?Script rather with the individuals rules for predicting,interpreting,responding to,and controlling a magnified set of scenes;Plot of life:to deal with all the scenes in life;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions60General script factorWhat is

36、experienced with the most dense,i.e.the most intense and enduring affect?所经历的最强烈的情绪是什么?What are experienced at the sharpist gradients of change of such affect?在此情绪经历中,最剧烈变化是什么?What are the most frequently repeated sequence of such affect and affect change?在此情绪变化中,重复最多的部分是什么?Fall,2008Psychology of Em

37、otions61Carroll E.Izard(1972/1977/1991)Differential emotions theory(分化情绪理论）Five assumptions:1.There are ten fundamental emotions基本情绪,these provide the human motivational system;2.Each of these emotions is unique独特的 organizationally组织,motivationally动力 and experientially体验;3.The fundamental emotions l

38、ead to distinct inner experiences内部体验 which have particular effects on both cognition认知 and action动作;4.The processes of emotion interact with homeostasis体内平衡系统,drive内驱力,perception知觉 and cognition认知;5.Homeostasis,drive,perception and cognition also have influences on emotion.Fall,2008Psychology of Em

39、otions62personalityhomeostasisdrivesemotionsperceptionactioncognitionFall,2008Psychology of Emotions63内驱力：饥饿、渴、性、追求舒适、回避痛苦；情绪可以放大或缩小内驱力；体内平衡系统：脑干网状系统放大/缩小内分泌系统内脏系统使情绪得以延长；不决定主观体验(?)；情绪系统由8-11种具体情绪构成，之间相互独立，但之间可以互相影响、和互相转化；情绪系统由三个成分构成：神经的（？）、神经肌肉/表情行为、主观感受（？）。Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions64Definiti

40、ons of cognitionCognition:the mental processes involved in acquired knowledge(Simon,1972);Cognition starts where learning and experience generate mental representations that allow comparisons and discrimination to be make(Izard,1994).“认知”属后天习得；“认知”是心理表征；“认知”用于“比较”和“区别”认知没有动力；只有情绪具有动力性；Fall,2008Psych

41、ology of Emotions65Emotion in three levelsElectrochemical or neural activity which for fundamental emotions is innate;内源性神经活动;基本情绪的生理基础;Emotional Efferent aspects:muscles activities which gives cues and information to the individual and to the observer;表情行为活动;给自己和他人以信息;Subjective experience 主观体验;由感觉

42、反馈整合而成;不同于认知意识;Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions668-10 Basic emotions/fundamental emotions1.They have distinct neural substrates;（独特的神经基础）2.They distinct facial movements and expression;（有独特的面部运动和表达）3.They have distinct feelings that promote awareness;（有独特的可达到意识状态的情感体验）4.They come about through evolut

43、ion;（情绪是进化的产物）5.They have adaptive organizing and motivational properties;（情绪具有适应的组织和动力属性）Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions67情绪与认知关系：情绪启动认知，每一个认知背后都有情绪的启动；情绪作为人与环境的信号告诉我们是否需要进行思考；认知影响情绪：认识情绪，即调节情绪；人格/情绪发展：各子系统联结；外倾：正情绪（兴趣与快乐）与人交往（行动模式）；善于观察：观察（行动模式）与正情绪（兴趣和快乐）；害羞性格：社会环境+羞怯（情绪）；Fall,2008Psychology of E

44、motions68Causes of emotions1.Neurotransmitters and brain mechanismHormones（激素）,neurotransmitters（神经递质）,drugs（药物）;2.Sensory perceptual processExpressive behavior（表情行为）Changes in cerebral blood temperature（脑内血液温度的改变）3.Affective activators（情感激活）Pain-anger,sex-,fatigue-sad,joy-sad and another emotions；F

45、all,2008Psychology of Emotions694.Thought processes（思维过程）Appraisal 评价Memory记忆Attribution归因Anticipation预期Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions70Working definitionsOrtony et.Al.,(1988):Emotion may be understood as the outcome of an evaluation of the extent to which ones goals are being met in interaction wi

46、th environment.（日常意识到的情绪）Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions71Working definitionsCarver&Scheier(1990)定义情绪为监察目标与现实之间距离正在减少的比率的显示（readout）；正情绪：距离减少的速度比预期快；负情绪：距离减少的速度比预期慢；Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions72Working definitionsCampos(1989):定义情绪为个体与其内部和外部的各种事件之间关系的建立、维持、中断或破坏的过程；情绪反映人际（人-物）关系；Fall,2008Psycholo

47、gy of Emotions73Working definitionsGross and Levenson(1993,1997)定义情绪为个体对其生活重要事件、机遇和挑战的生物反应倾向，这些倾向包括生理反应、表情行为及主观体验的；情绪为短期/即时的心理生理现象，反映对变化的环境要求的有效的适应模式。Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions74情绪反应倾向主观体验的表情行为的生理反应的情绪线索（情境）评价/原因调节 调整/反应调节情绪反应：主观体验表情行为生理反应情绪的同感过程模型（Gross,1998)Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions75Wo

48、rking definitionsScherer(1984)defined emotion as a“relevance detection and response preparation system.”情绪是适当的监测和反应准备系统；注重情绪的功能而不是结构，强调是一个系统；这个系统是什么？Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions76Working definitionsPanksepp(1998)viewed emotions as expressions of inherited programs for action in specific situation

49、s that have been importance to humans and related species for millions of years.情绪是先天预成的进化而来的内部程序，用于对重要的环境作出快速反应；情绪研究的目标是去认识这些有关的神经生理机制。Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions77Related concepts Emotions 情绪,full fledged emotion.Feeling,subjective experience 情感 Affect,affection 感情Mood心境Fall,2008Psychology of Emotions78Seconds minutes hours days weeks months years ExpressionAutonomicChanges self-reported traits emotions mood emotion disordersA spectrum of affective phenomena of time course of each