中考英语冲刺复习：阅读理解技巧(知识讲解、巩固练习).pdf

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1、中考英语冲刺复习：阅读理解技巧考试要求1.考查学生理解短文的主旨和主题要义能力；2.理解短文具体信息（包括图文转换的信息）的能力；3.根据短文上下情景猜测单词的能力；4.根据短文的内容判断和推理能力；5.理解作者的意图和态度的能力。纵观全国各地中考试卷，中考阅读理解考试题的比例在整个试卷占了很大的比例，阅读理解的成绩直接决定学生能否在中考中取得优秀成绩。中考阅读短文的题材除了选一些通俗易懂的文学作品和故事体裁的小短文，还经常选用一些富有时代鲜明特征、实用性比较强的语言材料。例如：报刊杂志的文章、使用说明书、招贴告示、广告和各种各类图表。选择这些材料不仅能够提高测试的真实性，还能展示目标语言在现

2、实生活中的真实运用来激发学生学习英语的兴趣。1.阅读理解的题型：近几年中考试卷的阅读理解测试题主要有选择型测试题、判断正误型测试题和任务型测试题三种形式。根据阅读理解的题干部分可以分为以下几种测试题型：（1）理解主旨大意题：考查学生对于文章的中心思想或全文梗概的领会、理解和概括能力。我们可以通过“略读 skimming”来获取文章或者段落的主题和主旨大意。在略读时要注意寻找主题句（topic sentence）以帮助理解文章的主题和了解文章的大意。有一些同学可能认为没有仔细阅读文章的细节而感觉不太放心，其实没有必要担心，因为我们了解的文章的大意以后，然后对文章做仔细阅读，比较难的短文理解起来就

3、容易多了。略读时应该注意：主题句一般是短文第一个句子或者最后一个句子，偶尔位于段落的中间；每一段的主题句一般也是在每段的第一、二个句子或者最后一个句子。其次作者提供其写作意图，如：提供信息、描述人物、事物或者事件、讨论问题、说服某人、提出建议或者对两种观点或者事件进行比较。而其他的句子是对主题句的进一步发展及说明性的例子，有时是为主题句提供时间、地点或者原因等背景。主旨大意题常见的设问方式如下：1)What s the main idea of this passage?2)What does the passage mainly tell us?3)The writer means to t

4、ell us that _.4)From the passage,we can learn/conclude _.5)What s the best title for the passage?（2）具体细节理解题:考查对事实或者细节的理解和辨别，即考查短文中直接或间接提到的具体信息的细节及线索。对于这种阅读理解题，需要仔细比较所给的四个选项，找出语言表达差别的关键词来重点思考。做这种考试题我们一般用“扫读 Scanning”来从短文中寻找答案。扫读是有目的地在短文中为寻找某一个具体的信息或者细节而进行的搜索性阅读。特别是寻找人名、地名、时间或者某一个关键词。找到这个关键词时要进行局部地细心地

5、阅读，以保证所寻找的答案在此处。为了保证扫读的有效性，在扫读之前必须认真审题，因为审题的过程就是明确阅读目的的过程。一般来说，这种阅读理解测试题的答案是比较好找的。只要同学们仔细阅读，认真比较，把握准确的信息，是容易找到准确答案的。（3）根据上下文猜测词义题：这种阅读理解测试题是对短文中某一个句子中的某一个超纲的单词或者短语画线，让考生猜其汉语意思或者英语解释意义。短文中出现的超纲词或者短语要求学生在读懂短文的内容，理解短文的大概意思的基础上并且根据短文上下文的意思和情景进行猜测和推断。一般来说这些词汇是比较难或者是同学们没有学过的。如果同学们的词汇量比较大，那么解决这种阅读理解测试题就有很大

6、的优势。但是如果能够理解短文的内容和意思，通过上下句子和情景进行合理的猜测，其正确率还是比较高的。猜测单词的一些方法：1）首先要保持冷静，迅速判断。如果是对上下文理解影响不大的词，就不要停留，继续读下去。如果是影响理解的词，尤其是划线的词，就要运用猜测单词的技巧来猜测单词的意思。2）如果是 but 连接前后两个句子，那么其意思是表示转折，后面句子的画线单词表示的意思可能和前面的句子的意思是相反的。3）如果是 and连接前后两个句子，那么后面句子的画线单词的意思可能和前面句子的意思一致。4）注意下文，有时后面的句子或在下文中可能解释这个单词的意义。5）有时即使猜测不出来单词的具体意思也不要紧，只

7、需要了解这个单词是表示积极的还是消极的意思。通过辨认这个单词的位置来确定它是动词、形容词还是副词，然后从选项中选择。实例说明：The Sydney Opera House is a very famous building in the world.It has become Sydneys best-known landmark and international symb ol.The Opera House with a“sailing roof”was designed by a famous Danish architect(丹麦建筑师),Utzon.The base for the

8、 building was started in 1959,years before the designs were finished.Utzon spent four years designing the Opera House.In 1962,the designs were finalized(定稿)and the constructionbegan.In 1967,they started the decoration inside.It took 14 years in total to build the Opera House.Queen Elizabeth II offic

9、ially opened it on October 20th,1973.The Sydney Opera House cost around 100 million and was paid for by the public.6,225 square meters of glass was used to build it.The Opera House includes 1,000 rooms.It is 185 meters long and 120 meters wide.The buildings roof sections weigh about 15 tons.Each yea

10、r,this fantastic building attracts 200,000 tourists to come for a visit or enjoy events in it.The Opera House reaches out into the harbour(港湾).It is amazing and unforgettable,offering people a strong sense of beauty.1.The designer of the Sydney Opera House was from_.A.AmericaB.AustraliaC.EnglandD.De

11、nmark 2.Building the Sydney Opera House lasted_.A.from 1959 to 1973B.from 1962 to 1973 C.from 1959 to 1967D.from 1962 to 1967 3.The underlined word construction means_ in Chinese.A.创立B.设计C.施工D.竣工4._ paid for the cost of the building of the Sydney Opera House.A.UtzonB.The public C.Queen Elizabeth IID

12、.The government 5.Which is the best title for the passage?A.Sailing RoofB.Travelling in Sydney C.The Sydney Opera HouseD.The Opening of the Opera House【解析】1D。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The Opera House with a sailing roof was designed by a famous Danish architect(丹麦建筑师),Utzon”可知，悉尼歌剧院是一个丹麦的建筑师设计的。所以，悉尼歌剧院的设计得来自丹麦

13、。故选D。2A。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The base for the building was started in 1959”以及“It took 14 years in total to build the Opera HouseOctober 20th,1973.”可知，悉尼歌剧院的建设从1959年持续到 1973年。故选 A。3C。词义猜测题。根据上文可知，设计已经定稿，因此下一步必然是施工，由此“construction”在此处具有“施工”的含义。故选 C。4B。细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The Sydney Opera House cost around 100 mill

14、ion and was paid for by the public.”可知，悉尼歌剧院的建设费用完全来自于公共开支。5D。主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了悉尼歌剧院的设计、规模等，都是围绕悉尼歌剧院而写的。因此“The Sydney Opera House”是最好的标题。（4）简单的推理判断题：考查学生根据短文的内容进行简单的判断或推理的能力。中考阅读理解不仅要读懂一个个的句子，而且要理解这些句子之间的内在联系。如果上下文之间存在未充分表达的内容，学生就应该充分激活头脑中的知识和经验，根据字面意思和句子的意思，通过语篇逻辑关系来研究细节的暗示、推敲作者的态度、理解文章的寓意。这就是我们平时所说的深

15、层理解。深层理解是一种创造性的思维活动。它必须忠于原文，要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知的知识来推断未知的知识，不能凭空想象、随意推测；它要求考生对文章的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，才能有推理的前提和基础。判断推理题常见的设问方式：1)It can be inferred/concluded that .2)Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage?3 The writer suggests that .4 The writer p

16、robably feels that .5 From the passage,we can see.实例说明：Take a class at Dulangkou School,and youll see lots of things different from other schools.You can see the desks are not in rows and students sit in groups.They put their desks together so theyre facing each other.How can they see the blackboard

17、?There are three blackboards on the three walls of the classroom!The school calls the new way of learning“Tuantuanzuo”,meaning sitting in groups.Wei Liying,a Junior teacher,said it was to give students more chance to communicate.Each group has five or six students,according to Wei,and they play diff

18、erent roles(角色).There is a team leader who takes care of the whole group.There is a“study leader”who makes sure that everyone finishes their homework.And there is a discipline(纪律)leader who makes sure that nobody chats in class.Wang Lin is a team leader.The 15-year-old said that having to deal with

19、so many things was tiring.“I just looked after my own business before,”said Wang.“But now I have to think about my five group members.”But Wang has got used to it and can see the benefits(好处)now.“I used to speak too little.But being a team leader means you have to talk a lot.You could even call me a

20、n excellent speaker today.”Zhang Qi,16,was weak in English.She used to get about 70 in English tests.But in a recent test,Zhang got a grade of more than 80.“I rarely（很少）asked others when I had problems with my English.But now I can ask the team leader or study leader.They are really helpful.”We can

21、tell from the story that some students _ this new way of learning.A.get benefits from B.are tired ofC.cannot get used toD.hate【解析】：A。写作意图推断题。从短文的作者写作意图可以判断作者是告诉人们杜朗口中学的学生从这种新的教学方法中得到益处。所以选择A。2.阅读理解的解题技巧：（1）事实细节题的方法和技巧：1）详读细节，理顺思路与文章脉络。文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展

22、开故事；论述题则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用“画图列表法”，勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。2）抓住文章的脉络和每一段中心，后面都是围绕这个中心展开分析，把握了文章的脉络后，相对来说定位就比较方便，解答细节题和主旨题就很方便了。3）学会瞻前顾后和左顾右盼方法来理解细节题目，也就是从短文的上下联系来找到解决问题的关键细节。4）注意引出细节的信息词，如：for example,an example of,the most important example,first,se

23、cond,next,then,last,finally,to begin with,also,besides 等。（2）推理判断题的方法和技巧：阅读理解题中难度最大且出现频率很高的是推理判断题，这种题要求考生根据文章中出现的暗示，抓住内含语义，用逻辑思维的方法加以整理，然后做出合理的判断。推理的方法大致可分为：简单推理和复杂推理。1）简单推理所谓简单推理就是以表面文字为前提，以具体事实为依据进行推理，做出判断。这种推理方式比较直接，只要弄清事实，即可结合常识推断出合理的结论。2）复杂推理复杂推理不但要以文字为依据，而且还要以文章的语境、内涵为前提。这是一种间接而复杂的逻辑推理方式。考生要推断出

24、文章没有表明但又合乎逻辑的推理，就必须由表及里地归纳或演绎。下面是几种复杂的推理方法：推测作者的写作目的和意图，此类的设题形式有：The purpose in writing this text is to.The author in this passage intends to.推测作者的写作目的,必须要先了解文章的主题,然后分析作者的论述方法、论述的重点和材料的安排。推测文章的观点或结论，此类设题形式有:It can be inferred from the passage that.From the passage we can conclude that.这类问题问的不一定是全文的中

25、心思想或作者的全部观点，可能只是文章中的某一观点。但要推测出文中的某一观点，仍离不开对全文主要观点或中心思想的把握。3）推断文章的出处，设题形式有:The passage is most likely to be taken from.The passage is most likely a part of.这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处：报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称；广告：因其格式和语言特殊，容易辨认；产品说明：器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。（3）单词猜测词义的方法和技巧：1）根据上下文猜测词意2）根据构词法猜测

26、词意在阅读文章时，总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。例如：前缀 un-表反义词，如 happy、unhappy，fair、unfair，important、unimportant 等。后缀-ment表名词，如 develop、development，state、statement，argue、argument等。后缀-er、-or 或-ist 表同源名词，如 calculate/calculator;visit/visitor;law/lawyer;wait/wa

27、iter;science/scientist;art/artist等。3）通过因果关系猜词。首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等)表示前因后果。4）通过句法功能来推测词义。例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如 pineapples 和 coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断

28、它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出 pineapples，coconuts和 bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit 类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。5）通过描述猜词。描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物做出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole.It is fat and walks in a funny way.Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to cat

29、ch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。（4）主旨大意题的方法和技巧：在做主旨大意题时,不管是哪一种题型,关键的一步是要找出主题句或和主题有关的关键词,从而把握文章的主旨(main idea)。1）议论、说明体裁的文章在议论文和说明文中,文章的主题通常出现在首段或末段。第一段的作用通常是给出作者的观点或引出将要介绍的事物,而末段的作用通常是总结全文、重申论点。例如：Our neighborhood has really changed.When I last visited there,about half of

30、the houses had been torn down(拆除)to make way for a highway.The rest of the buildings were covered with billboards(宣传板)and surrounded by traffic signs and garbage.Now the whole neighborhood has become dirty,noisy and full of cars.【分析】本段第一句话的概括性最强,指出环境发生了巨大变化。其他几句话分别具体说明都发生了哪些变化,以及现在的样子。因此,第一句为本段的主题句。

31、2）记叙体裁的文章记叙文通常按时间先后或事情发展的顺序来叙述。寻找这类文章的主题时也要特别留意首段和末段,因为作者有时会在叙述事件之前或之后流露出自己对它的看法和情感,而这正是解题的关键。还有些情况下,文中没有明确的主题句,即主题隐含在行文之中。必须根据文章中所提供的事实细节进行全面考虑,综合分析。这时要注意表示时间和顺序的词语,以把握事情发展的脉络。还要特别留意那些概括情节和中心的动词,或者反映人物特点的形容词等,这样才能猜测出作者在用词、语气之中流露出的隐含信息。例如：Every year on my birthday,from the time I turned 12,a white g

32、ardenia(栀子花)was delivered to my house.No card ever came with it.Calls to the flower-shop were not helpful at all.After a while I stopped trying to find out the senders name and was just pleased with the beautiful white flower,in soft pink paper.I never stopped imagining(想像)who the giver might be,tho

33、ugh.Some of my happiest moments were spent daydreaming about the sender.My mother encouraged these daydreams.She d ask me if I had been especially kind to someone.Perhaps it was the old man across the street.Id delivered his mail during the winter.As a girl,though,I had more fun imagining that it mi

34、ght be a boy that I had met.One month before my graduation,my father died.I was so sad that I became completely uninterested in my upc oming graduation dance,and I didnt care whether I had a new dress or not.My mother,in her own sadness,however,would not let me miss any of those things.She wanted he

35、r children to feel loved.In fact,my mother wanted her children to see themselves much like the gardenia:lovely,strong and perfect,with perhaps a bit of mystery(神秘).My mother died ten days after I was married.I was 22.That was the year the gardenias stopped coming.Which of the following would be the

36、best title for the text?A.A Childhood Dream B.A Mothers LoveC.A Graduation Party D.A Special Birthday【分析】本文写的是一位母亲在自己女儿成长的过程中以一种独特的方式每年在女儿生日那天，不署名送女儿栀子花来表达对女儿的爱。本篇文章是围绕爱展开,开头写暗送女儿栀子花,并鼓励女儿去想象美好。当女儿遇到挫折时,母亲鼓励女儿要勇敢地面对困难。尽管文章中并没有出现主题句,但是以上这些关键信息充分说明了B 项“A Mother s Love”是正确项。总之做主旨大意题要注意下面技巧：1.快速有重点地浏览(s

37、kimming)全文。从整体上把握文章的结构、逻辑关系、问题的指向等。在快速浏览时，不纠缠文章中与主旨无关的细节(如某些数字或专有名词等)，以保持阅读的连贯性，把注意力集中于主题句的关键词语上，必要时在重要词句下面画线标注。2.选择文章标题时，既要排除过于具体或断章取义、以偏概全的标题，又要排除范围太大、空洞、不着边际的标题，还要警惕以事实、细节替代抽象、概括的大意的情况。3.推断作者写作目的时，要站在作者的立场想问题，切忌将自己的观点强加于作者。当文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如：but,yet,however,althou

38、gh等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息。4.必须看清题目，要求回答的是“全文主旨”还是“段落主旨”；推断的是“作者的观点、意图”还是“别人的观点、意图”。3.阅读正误判断和任务型阅读以上涉及到的都是在中考题中出现最多的选择型阅读测试题的做题技巧。除此之外，还有阅读正误判断题和任务型阅读题两种考查形式。阅读正误判断题，难度逐渐降低，一般试题在短文中可以直接找到答案，也可以用上述的方法来做题。任务型阅读是近年来推出的新题型，命题灵活，题型多样，可能是问答题，也可能是翻译句子，填写表格信息等，能够很好地考查学生的英语综合能力。但是只要我们注意养

39、成良好的阅读心理，提高阅读速度，就能做好这种题。解题时注意：（1）浏览试题，明确要求。带着问题去读短文，有的放矢。（2）浏览全文，捕捉有用信息。阅读时，注意有关的人物、事件、时间、地点、起因及一些定义、数据和一些关键词语，可以做出标记，有目的地把文后题目和短文中相关信息加以比较，从而找到正确答案。（3）复读全文，抓住细节。答题时有问题，要重新在短文中寻找答案，注意短文的首尾句或每一段的首尾句，那往往是事件的结果或作者的态度、意图等。（4）再读全文，核对答案。要用全文的主题大意重新审核各题答案，看前后是否一致，是否符合短文的主旨大意，细节方面是否和短文一致，是否有拼写和语法错误等。【例题精讲】阅

40、读理解 1 Most students have biology classes in the classrooms or the labs in China.But several days ago，I had a biology class outside in my American school.My biology teacher,Mr.Kwak,divided us into three groups and asked us to play a game about natural selection(选择)and how birds find food.He gave the

41、first group one spoon per person.The second group forks and my group knives.I thought we were going hunting,so knives might work better.Surprisingly,he told us to pick up the beans on the grass with our tools.When the game started all of us ran to the grass area.We squatted(蹲)down and looked for bea

42、ns.It was hard to pick up something that small,especially from the grass.When I almost lifted a bean,it dropped back to the ground.When I finally picked up several beans,one of my friends ran into me.I couldnt keep my balance and fell over.All my beans dropped to the ground!Just at that moment，Mr.Kw

43、ak called us back.I had to leave the game and of course I got a bad result.I couldnt help thinking that if I were a bird living on Galapagos Island，I would be dead soon.The fun game made me realize that natural selection is really competitive(竞争的).Everyone is trying his or her best to survive.1.What

44、 did the writers group use to pick up the beans?A.Spoons.B.Forks.C.Knives.D.Hands.2.How many beans did the writer get at last?A.None.B.One.C.Several.D.Many.3.Which of the following is TRUE?A.The writer did a good job in the biology class.B.The writer had a biology class outside their schoo1.C.The wr

45、iter found that picking up the beans from the grass was hard.D.The writer didnt find enough food for the birds on Galapagos Island.4.What s the meaning of the underlined word“survive in the last paragraph?A.Find food.B.Remain alive.C.Be lovely.D.Keep balanced.5.What was the aim of Mr.Kwaks class?A.T

46、o play an interesting game.B.To pick up the beans.C.To know different kinds of birds.D.To learn natural selection.阅读理解 2 根据短文内容判断正误。(注意：正确的涂“A”，错误的涂“B”)Long ago,there was a queen who lived in a palaceShe felt bored and said to her advisor(顾问)，“All the things around me are too boringI need a differen

47、t kind of beautyLet everyone know that I will hold a competition for the most beautiful thing in the worldAnd the prize will be this crown(王冠).”Several days later,lots of people came to the competition and showed their things The queen was not satisfied with what she saw The advisor suggested，“What

48、you are looking for cannot be brought to you You must look for it by yourselfWhat about a journey?”The queen was interested in the idea,so she started immediatelyAs she was on top of the hill near her palace,she looked down and suddenly something cried in her heart“Why have I never found my palace s

49、o beautiful?”The queen spent one year travelling She saw beauty on the farm,in the forest and even in the stars twinkling(闪烁)at night on her journeyBut what was the most beautiful thing?She thought it over Suddenly，she understood beauty was everywhereShe should learn to enjoy the worldShe left the p

50、ieces of her crown at different places that she had seen As time went by,the queens crown got smaller and smaller until nothing was left.She found the most beautiful thing at last It was the world!1The queen wanted to hold a competition for the most beautiful thing in the world.2Lots of people came