关节学总论中轴骨连结.pptx

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1、目的和要求1了解骨连结的分类。2掌握关节的基本结构和辅助结构。3了解关节的运动及分类。4掌握脊柱的组成、椎骨间的连结、脊柱的整体观及其运动。5了解肋与脊柱及胸骨的连结。掌握骨性胸廓的组成、胸廓上、下口的围成。6了解颅骨连结的主要形式，掌握颞下颌关节的组成及运动。第1页/共40页 Section 1 The general description The bones are connected together by means of fibrous connective tissue,cartilaginous 软骨 or osseous 骨tissues at different parts

2、 of their surfaces,and such a connection are called the joint or articulation.The joints are functional junctions between bones,they can be classified into two main types according to their junction form viz.,Continuous joints 直接连结and Discontinuous joints 间接连结.Up 第2页/共40页一、Continuous joints直接连结（一）Fi

3、brous joints纤维连结 Bones are united by fibrous connective tissue.Syndesmosis 韧带连结 Suture 缝 Up 第3页/共40页（二）Cartilaginous joints软骨连结 Bones are united by cartilage.Synchondrosis 透明软骨结合Symphysis 纤维软骨联合 第4页/共40页（三）Synosteosis 骨性结合第5页/共40页二、Discontinuous joints间接连结 Articulation or Synovial joints（一）Basic str

4、uctures 1.Articular surface关节面:covered by articular cartilage.2.Articular capsule关节囊Fibrous membraneSynovial membrane 3.Articular cavity关节腔:containing a trace of synovial fluid;subatmospheric pressure in it.Up 第6页/共40页(二)Accessory structures1.Ligaments韧带:extra-and intracapsular ligaments2.Articular

5、disc关节盘 and articular labrum关节唇3.Synovial fold滑膜襞 and synovial bursa滑膜囊 Up 第7页/共40页(三）Movements of joints关节运关节运动动1.Translation移动2.Flexion and extension屈和伸3.Adduction and abduction收和展4.Rotation旋转Medial and lateral rotation旋内和旋外Pronation and supination旋前和旋后Inversion and eversion足内翻和足外翻5.Circumduction环

6、转 Up 第8页/共40页(四)Classification of synovial joints 关节的分类关节的分类(自学）自学）Uniaxial joints 单轴关节Biaxial joints双轴关节Multiaxial joints 多轴关节 Up 第9页/共40页关节学的研究和应用1.关节病的诊断和治疗第10页/共40页2.人造关节和假肢的研制和开发第11页/共40页第12页/共40页第13页/共40页3.智能机器人的开发和研制第14页/共40页第15页/共40页 Section 2 The joint of the axial bones中轴骨连结第16页/共40页一、Arti

7、culations of Bones of Trunk 躯干骨的连结躯干骨的连结 Up 第17页/共40页 The 24 pieces of vertebrae,the sacrum,and the coccyx articulate one by one to form a longitudinal axis of the trunkthe vertebral column.Up (一)vertebral column 脊柱 第18页/共40页Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结椎体间的连结Intervertebral discs椎间椎间盘盘 betwe

8、en bodies of adjacent vertebrae,composed of:Nucleus pulposus髓核,an inner soft,pulpy,highly elastic structure.Annulus fibrosus纤维环 an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage.Up 第19页/共40页Hemination of nucleus pulposus 髓核脱出髓核脱出 Up 第20页/共40页Anterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带前纵韧带 Maintains stabili

9、ty of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column.Posterior longitudinal ligament后纵韧带后纵韧带 Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the discs.Up 第21页/共40页 Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓间的连结椎弓间的连结Ligamenta flava黄韧带 elastic ligament,un

10、ite laminae of adjacent vertebrae,and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal;tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column.Up 第22页/共40页Interspinal ligament 棘间韧带Supraspinal ligament 棘上韧带Ligamentum nuchae 项韧带 Intertansverse ligament 横突间韧带 Zygapophysial joint 关节突关节 Up 第23页/共40页Atlantoocc

11、ipital joint寰枕关节Between superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condylesSupported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlasAction nodding of head,lateral tilting of head Up 第24页/共40页Atlantoaxial joint寰枢关节寰枢关节Three synovial joints between atlas and axisSupported by

12、ligaments Action allow atlas(and head)to pivot on the axis and vertebral column Up 第25页/共40页The whole view of the vertebral column第26页/共40页Normal Curves of vertebral columnCervical curvature颈曲 Thoracic curvature胸曲 Lumbar curvature腰曲Sacral curvature骶曲 Up 第27页/共40页 Up 第28页/共40页Movement of the vertebra

13、l column flexion extensionlateral flexion Rotationcircumduction Up 第29页/共40页Spina bifida cystica 脊柱裂 Up 第30页/共40页(二)Thoracic cage 胸廓胸廓Composition:It is formed by 12 thoracic vertebrae,12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages,the sternum and the connections between them.Up 第31页/共40页 JointsCostov

14、ertebral joints肋椎关节Joints of costal head肋头关节Costotransverse joints肋横突关节 Up 第32页/共40页Sternocostal joints 胸肋关节Sternocostal synchondrosis of first ribSternocostal joints Interchondral joints:between costal cartilages 8,9,and 10 to form the costal arch肋弓 Up 第33页/共40页It is roughly cone-shape,narrow above

15、 and broad below,flattened from before-backwards.It has two oppenings and four walls.Inlet of thorax 胸廓上口Outlet of thorax 胸廓下口Infrasternal angle胸骨下角Intercostal spaces肋间隙 Up The whole view of the thoracic cage 第34页/共40页Function:protects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity;pla

16、ys a vital role in the process of breathing.InspirationExpiration Up 第35页/共40页二、Joints of skull 颅骨的连结颅骨的连结 Continuous joints:sutures,synchondrosis or synosteosis Up 第36页/共40页Temporomandibular joint 颞下颌关节颞下颌关节Aticular surfacesCapsule:thin and lax in front and behind;strengthened by the lateral ligament.Articular discMovement Up 第37页/共40页Summary第38页/共40页 End Up 第39页/共40页感谢您的观看。第40页/共40页