从句类型名词性从句.pptx

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1、会计学1从句从句(cn j)类型名词性从句类型名词性从句(cn j)第一页，共16页。.三大类从句 1.名词性从句 2.形容词性从句（定语从句）3.副词性从句（状语从句）.名词性从句1.主语从句2.宾语(bny)从句3.表语从句4.同位语从句第1页/共16页第二页，共16页。n n名词性从句名词性从句n n名词从句，顾名思义，起着名词的作用，因此，在句中可名词从句，顾名思义，起着名词的作用，因此，在句中可充当主语、宾语、表语、和同位语等成分。名词从句，按充当主语、宾语、表语、和同位语等成分。名词从句，按其不同的成分作用，又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语其不同的成分作用，又可分为主语从句、宾语从

2、句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导从句和同位语从句。引导(y(y ndnd o)o)名词性从句的词可分为三名词性从句的词可分为三类：类：n n连词连词thatthat：没有词义，在句中不担任语义成分。：没有词义，在句中不担任语义成分。n nwh-wh-疑问词，在句中担任一个语义成分。这些词包括疑问词，在句中担任一个语义成分。这些词包括who,who,whom,what,which,when,howwhom,what,which,when,how和和why.why.它们通常称为关系代词它们通常称为关系代词和关系副词。和关系副词。WhetherWhether和和if if 也属于这一类，但它们在句中也

3、也属于这一类，但它们在句中也不担任词义成分。不担任词义成分。n n名词性关系词：这一类词没有疑问词义，它本身是先行名词性关系词：这一类词没有疑问词义，它本身是先行词与另一个关系代词或关系副词的结合。这些词包括名词词与另一个关系代词或关系副词的结合。这些词包括名词性关系代词、名词性关系副词。性关系代词、名词性关系副词。n n名词性关系代词有：名词性关系代词有：n nWhat=the things which/thatWhat=the things which/thatn nWhatever=anything thatWhatever=anything thatn nWho=the person

4、whoWho=the person who第2页/共16页第三页，共16页。n nWhoever=anyone whoWhoever=anyone whon nWhom=the person whomWhom=the person whomn nWhich=the one thatWhich=the one thatn nWhichever=anything thatWhichever=anything thatn n名词性关系副词有：名词性关系副词有：n nWhen=the time whenWhen=the time whenn nWhere=the place whereWhere=th

5、e place wheren nHow=the way that How=the way that n nWhy=the reason whyWhy=the reason whyn n1.1.主语从句主语从句n n主语从句主语从句 （subject clausesubject clause）可以由连词）可以由连词 that,wh-that,wh-疑问词或名词性关系词引导。疑问词或名词性关系词引导。n n连词连词 that that 引导引导n n由连词由连词that that 引导的主语从句可以置于句首。但常见的形式是主语从句放在句末，引导的主语从句可以置于句首。但常见的形式是主语从句放在句末

6、，作逻辑主语：句首用引导词作逻辑主语：句首用引导词it it 作形式主语，作形式主语，这样句子这样句子(j zi)(j zi)结构更为紧凑。结构更为紧凑。第3页/共16页第四页，共16页。n nExamples:Examples:n nThat all livings are composed of cells is known That all livings are composed of cells is known toto all.all.n nIt is believed that the formation of the sun,the planets and other sta

7、rs It is believed that the formation of the sun,the planets and other stars began with the condensation of a gas cloud.began with the condensation of a gas cloud.n nIt is remarkable that a table spoonful of soil can tell us so much about the It is remarkable that a table spoonful of soil can tell us

8、 so much about the structure and early history of the moon.structure and early history of the moon.n n 用形式主语用形式主语it it 的主语从句的主语从句(cn(cn j)j)常见结构有：常见结构有：n n It is a fact(a good thing,good new,ect.)that It is a fact(a good thing,good new,ect.)thatn n It is clear(necessary,important,possible,remarkable

9、,etc.)that It is clear(necessary,important,possible,remarkable,etc.)thatn n It is well-known(reported,recorded,noted,estimated,ect.)that It is well-known(reported,recorded,noted,estimated,ect.)thatn n It must be pointed out that It must be pointed out thatn n It has been found that It has been found

10、 thatn n It turns out that It turns out thatn n It has been proved that It has been proved thatn n It can be seen that It can be seen that第4页/共16页第五页，共16页。n n此外，当全句是一般疑问句时，也多用此外，当全句是一般疑问句时，也多用it it 做形式主语，做形式主语，如：如：n nIs it possible that he will come today?Is it possible that he will come today?n n.w

11、h-.wh-疑问词引导疑问词引导n n 由由wh-wh-疑问词引导的名词疑问词引导的名词(mng c)(mng c)从句既可以前置，从句既可以前置，又可以借助于先行词又可以借助于先行词it it 而后置。而后置。n nExamples:Examples:n nHow the prisoner escaped is a mystery.How the prisoner escaped is a mystery.n nIt depends on many factors whether infection occurs or It depends on many factors whether i

12、nfection occurs or not.not.n nIt remains unknown who will come It remains unknown who will come toto the meeting.the meeting.n n由由 whether whether 引导的名词引导的名词(mng c)(mng c)从句既可位于句首，从句既可位于句首，又可位于句后；而由又可位于句后；而由if if 引导的从句只能位于主句后。引导的从句只能位于主句后。n nWhether he will come is uncertain./it is uncertain Whether

13、 he will come is uncertain./it is uncertain whether/if he will come.whether/if he will come.第5页/共16页第六页，共16页。n n.名词性关系词引导名词性关系词引导n n由名词性关系词引导的主语从句一般位于句首，由名词性关系词引导的主语从句一般位于句首，n nExamples;Examples;n nWhat is written in the book should be tested in practice.What is written in the book should be tested

14、in practice.n nWhat impressed me most is not what he did,but how he did it.What impressed me most is not what he did,but how he did it.n nWhatever brings about happiness has utility,according Whatever brings about happiness has utility,according toto the doctrine of the doctrine of utilitarianism.ut

15、ilitarianism.n nExcises:Excises:n n用主语从句翻译下列句子。用主语从句翻译下列句子。n n 难的是一辈子做好事，不做坏事。难的是一辈子做好事，不做坏事。n n 理论必须密切联系实际是我们应当经常记住的一条原则。理论必须密切联系实际是我们应当经常记住的一条原则。n n 据说如果交通运输技术据说如果交通运输技术(jsh)(jsh)也像计算机那样飞速发展的话，今也像计算机那样飞速发展的话，今天人们跨越大西洋就只需几秒钟了。天人们跨越大西洋就只需几秒钟了。n n 确实，自从八十年代以来我们的总体生活水平提高了很多，我们确实，自从八十年代以来我们的总体生活水平提高了很多

16、，我们可以夸耀我们在物质方面取得的进步。可以夸耀我们在物质方面取得的进步。第6页/共16页第七页，共16页。n n2.2.宾语从句宾语从句n n起宾语作用的名词性从句叫做宾语从句。宾起宾语作用的名词性从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句通常由连词语从句通常由连词 that,wh-that,wh-疑问词与名词性疑问词与名词性关系词引导。宾语从句一般置于谓语动词后，关系词引导。宾语从句一般置于谓语动词后，但也可作某些介词与某些具有动作意义的形但也可作某些介词与某些具有动作意义的形容如容如afraid,sure,aware,certainafraid,sure,aware,certain等的宾语。等的宾语。n

17、 n 由连词由连词 that that 引导的宾语从句在动词引导的宾语从句在动词believed,think,know,say,supposebelieved,think,know,say,suppose等后面时，连等后面时，连词词that that 可以省略。可以省略。n nExample:Example:n nWe know foreign languages are useful tools in We know foreign languages are useful tools in research work.research work.n n在带有宾语补足语的句子中，往往用在带有

18、宾语补足语的句子中，往往用it it 作形作形式宾语，而将式宾语，而将that-that-从句置于句末作逻辑宾语，从句置于句末作逻辑宾语，表达表达(bi(bi od)od)具体内容。具体内容。n nExamples:Examples:n nWe have made it clear that prevention is better We have made it clear that prevention is better than cure.than cure.n nWe consider it necessary that theory should be We consider it

19、 necessary that theory should be combined with bined with practice.n n此外，在由不及物动词加介词构成的短语动此外，在由不及物动词加介词构成的短语动词后也用先行代词词后也用先行代词it it作形式宾语，后接由作形式宾语，后接由that that 引导的宾语从句。引导的宾语从句。n nExamples:Examples:n nWe will answer for it that the product is of extra We will answer for it that the product is of extra s

20、uperior quality.superior quality.n nYou may depend on it that she is qualified for the You may depend on it that she is qualified for the task.task.第7页/共16页第八页，共16页。n n.由由wh-wh-疑问词引导疑问词引导n nExamples:Examples:n nMost people know what it is like Most people know what it is like toto have their blood p

21、ressure taken,but few people have their blood pressure taken,but few people understand the meaning of the numbers used understand the meaning of the numbers used toto record blood pressure.record blood pressure.n nProgress depends primarily on whether the individual makes the effort.Progress depends

22、 primarily on whether the individual makes the effort.n n注意注意(zh y):whether,if(zh y):whether,if 都可以引导宾语从句，二者的区别在于：都可以引导宾语从句，二者的区别在于：whether whether 引导的引导的宾语从句可以做介词宾语，而宾语从句可以做介词宾语，而if if则不能。则不能。n nExamples:Examples:n nIt depends on whether he comes.It depends on whether he comes.n nI worry about whet

23、her I hurt his feelings.I worry about whether I hurt his feelings.n n.由名词性关系词引导由名词性关系词引导n nExamples:Examples:n nYou can choose whichever book you like here.You can choose whichever book you like here.n nThey should enjoy complete freedom They should enjoy complete freedom toto live with whomever the

24、y desire live with whomever they desire toto.第8页/共16页第九页，共16页。n n.跟在介词后面的宾语从句跟在介词后面的宾语从句n nExamples:Examples:n nThe resistance of a wire also depends upon what material it is made of.The resistance of a wire also depends upon what material it is made of.n nPhysiology is the science of how the body f

25、unctions or works.Physiology is the science of how the body functions or works.n n介词后面的宾语从句一般不跟介词后面的宾语从句一般不跟that that 引导的宾语从句。在英语中，只有五个介词后面可跟引导的宾语从句。在英语中，只有五个介词后面可跟thatthat从句，它们是从句，它们是except,in,but,besides,save.except,in,but,besides,save.n nExamples:Examples:n nLiving things are different from non-l

26、iving things in that the former perform life functions and the Living things are different from non-living things in that the former perform life functions and the latter do not.latter do not.n nI dont know his address except that it was Leadenhall Street.I dont know his address except that it was L

27、eadenhall Street.n nI agree with you,save that you have got some facts wrong.I agree with you,save that you have got some facts wrong.n nThey believed that land did not belong They believed that land did not belong toto people,but that people belong people,but that people belong toto land.land.n nEx

28、cises:Excises:n n用宾语从句完成下列句子。用宾语从句完成下列句子。n nhe differed from other people_(he differed from other people_(他在工作中比别人他在工作中比别人(birn)(birn)都看得远些都看得远些)。n n_(_(从以上所说的从以上所说的)it can be seen that practice is the key)it can be seen that practice is the key toto mastery of a mastery of a foreign language.foreig

29、n language.n nThey gave_(They gave_(来校的人来校的人)a warm welcome.)a warm welcome.第9页/共16页第十页，共16页。n n3.3.表语从句表语从句n n起表语作用的句词性从句，叫做表语从句。起表语作用的句词性从句，叫做表语从句。连词连词that,wh-that,wh-疑问词和名词性关系词都可以疑问词和名词性关系词都可以引导表语从句。引导表语从句。n n由连词由连词that that 引导引导n n What impressed me most was that he could What impressed me most

30、was that he could speak both English and Japanese fluently and speak both English and Japanese fluently and beautifully.beautifully.n n.由由wh-wh-疑问词引导疑问词引导n nThe problem is what I can do The problem is what I can do toto make up for make up for the time lost.the time lost.n n.由名词性关系词引导由名词性关系词引导n nThi

31、s is why our teaching method must be This is why our teaching method must be improved.improved.n n表语从句也可用表语从句也可用becausebecause引起，但通常引起，但通常(tngchng)(tngchng)只用只用”this(that,it)is because”this(that,it)is because”这种这种结构。结构。n n“can you tell me why women live longer than“can you tell me why women live lon

32、ger than men after retirement?”men after retirement?”n n“Thats because women can continue“Thats because women can continue toto do do something they are used something they are used toto doing.”doing.”第10页/共16页第十一页，共16页。n nExcises:n nthe question is _(怎样给老人提供更舒适安全的生活环境(hunjng)。n none reason why Haml

33、et is such a popular play is(它对各阶层的人都有吸引力)。n nthe problem is _(人们从未像今天这样对婚姻抱如此之高的期望)。第11页/共16页第十二页，共16页。n n4.4.同位语从句同位语从句n n起同位语作用的名词性从句叫做同位语从句。起同位语作用的名词性从句叫做同位语从句。它表示与之同位的名词中心词的实际内容。这它表示与之同位的名词中心词的实际内容。这些些(zhxi)(zhxi)名词中心词常见的有名词中心词常见的有:fact,news,hopes,:fact,news,hopes,opinion,order,question,problem

34、,belief,truth,opinion,order,question,problem,belief,truth,theory,decision,discovery,conclusion,statement,theory,decision,discovery,conclusion,statement,promise,rumorpromise,rumor等。同位语从句一般由连词等。同位语从句一般由连词that that 和和 wh-wh-疑问词引导。疑问词引导。n n 以连词以连词that that 引导引导n n The fact that deeds are better than wor

35、ds is quite The fact that deeds are better than words is quite clear.clear.n n 以以wh-wh-疑问词引导疑问词引导n n The question how I did it is hard The question how I did it is hard toto answer.answer.n n They had no idea where they should go They had no idea where they should go toto find find some food.some fo

36、od.n n My problem whether I should go My problem whether I should go toto see him was see him was solved when I learned that he was ill.solved when I learned that he was ill.第12页/共16页第十三页，共16页。n nExcises:n n用同位语从句翻译下列句子n n中国人一直保持着春节(Chn Ji)全家人团圆的传统。n n随着计算机科学的发展，计算机能否超越人类的问题就提出来了。n n他们的唯一儿子在海中丧身的可怕事

37、实使他们痛苦不堪。第13页/共16页第十四页，共16页。n n同位语从句与定语从句的区别同位语从句与定语从句的区别n n同位语从句与定语从句的区别主要同位语从句与定语从句的区别主要(zh(zh yo)yo)有三点：其一是同位语从句有三点：其一是同位语从句是用来表明与之同位的名词中心词的具体内容；而定语从句则是对其先是用来表明与之同位的名词中心词的具体内容；而定语从句则是对其先行词加以限制、描绘或说明。第二点区是同位语从句的同位名词仅限于行词加以限制、描绘或说明。第二点区是同位语从句的同位名词仅限于为数不多的具有内容含义的抽象名词如为数不多的具有内容含义的抽象名词如belief,doubt,fa

38、ct,hope,idea,belief,doubt,fact,hope,idea,news,possibility,thought,order,suggestion,wish,answer,information,news,possibility,thought,order,suggestion,wish,answer,information,conclusion,decision,discovery,knowledge,law,opinion,problem,promise,conclusion,decision,discovery,knowledge,law,opinion,problem

39、,promise,proof,question,report,truth,risk proof,question,report,truth,risk 等等 ；定语从句的先行词则没有限制，；定语从句的先行词则没有限制，不计其数。第三点区别是引导同位语从句的不计其数。第三点区别是引导同位语从句的that that 为连词，在从句中不担为连词，在从句中不担任任何成分；引导定语从句的任任何成分；引导定语从句的that that 为关系词，在从句中担任一定成分。为关系词，在从句中担任一定成分。n nExamples:Examples:n nThe news that our womens volleyb

40、all team had won was know The news that our womens volleyball team had won was know toto all of us.all of us.n nThe news that was informed of by Mr.Zhang proved The news that was informed of by Mr.Zhang proved toto be a false one.be a false one.第14页/共16页第十五页，共16页。n n辨认辨认(binrn)(binrn)下列同位语从句与定语从句。下列

41、同位语从句与定语从句。n n1.The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheeps clothing.1.The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheeps clothing.n n2.dont run away with the idea that all Englishmen are the same.2.dont run away with the idea that all Englishmen are the same.n n3.a diag

42、nosis is the conclusion that the doctor draws from observation of 3.a diagnosis is the conclusion that the doctor draws from observation of symptoms.symptoms.n n4.I was under the impression that he just didnt care much about me.4.I was under the impression that he just didnt care much about me.n n5.

43、anything which is visible 5.anything which is visible toto the naked eye is said the naked eye is said toto be microscopic.be microscopic.n n6.he put forward the startling proposal that euthanasia should become 6.he put forward the startling proposal that euthanasia should become common mon practice

44、.n n7.we recognize things that are alive by what they do.7.we recognize things that are alive by what they do.n n8.the fact that he didnt turn up shows that he was never really serious 8.the fact that he didnt turn up shows that he was never really serious about coming.about coming.n n9.he hotly den

45、ied the rumor that was then being circulated.9.he hotly denied the rumor that was then being circulated.n n10.he hotly denied the rumor that he had been visited by the police in 10.he hotly denied the rumor that he had been visited by the police in connection with the recent crime.connection with the recent crime.第15页/共16页第十六页，共16页。