(精品)Chapter6.ppt

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1、Chapter 6:小组筹备：前期接触小组筹备：前期接触（Pregroup Contact）-Recruitment and assessment（成员招（成员招聘与评估）聘与评估）Wuhan University of Technology Liu Weihua主要问题主要问题1.How to recruit members for a group?如何为团体招聘成员?2.What is the assessment?How to gather data for an assessment and how to analyze these data to arrive at judgment

2、s?初步的测评与后续的测评3.What is the function for pregroup interview?团体前面谈的功能4.What does a preliminary agreement include?What is its value?团体的初步协议 -Selection and Preparation of Members -Selection and Preparation of MembersPregroupcontactaimstohelppeopleknowabouttheavailabilityandnatureoftheservice,determineth

3、eireligibilityforservice,ascertainiftheirgoalsaresufficientlysimilartothoseofotherstobemetthroughagroup,andpreparethemforentryintoaparticulargroup.小组前期接触目的在于帮助人们知道服务的可获得性、性质，决定获得服务的条件，确认成员的目标是否与其他成员的相同，并为进入特定的小组做准备。I.Ways for securing group members（获得成员的方（获得成员的方法）法）Group service determines which way

4、 to be selectedrecruitment（招聘）Come One Come All(COCA)groups:Open to all members of its target population（对目标人群的所有成员开放）邀请By Invitation Only(BIO)groups:Aim at particular persons who have needs in common,and need workers to extend a special invitationCombination of recruitment and outreach123I.Ways for

5、 securing group members1.特定目标人群可以根据自己意愿参加的小组服务Come One Come All(COCA)groups:to gear toward persons who share a common human need for help in some aspects of social living,but who are generally functioning within a normal range of expectation.How and where to publicize such group services?Disadvantag

6、es of this approach:no screening before entry;the practitioner know little about potential members,and the members know little about the group.Advantages of this approach:no formal intake procedures that can be distancing for some persons.I.Ways for securing group members2.针对有不同需要个体的小组服务By Invitatio

7、n Only groups(BIO):The worker gives invitation to particular persons who have distinct need or situation in common.Advantages of this approach:The practitioner know well about the potential members.Disadvantages of this approach:invitation with inappropriate speech could not get positive response fr

8、om the potential members to the group service.3.Combination approach of COCA and BIO4.Advice to securing group members:be open to selfs judgment about prospective members needs;avoid hard-sell and misuse of the principle of self-determination;be sensitive.II.Assessment 1.Assessment is a differential

9、,individualized,and accurate identification and evaluation of problems,people,and situations and of their interrelations,to serve as a sound basis for differential helping intervention.指导思想：指导思想：1）Holistic/generalist approach to assessment:评估个体、作为整体的小组、与评估个体、作为整体的小组、与环境相联系的小组环境相联系的小组2）人类行为是人与环境相互作用的

10、产物）人类行为是人与环境相互作用的产物.3）人和他人存在相互依赖的关系，每个人都是许多相互）人和他人存在相互依赖的关系，每个人都是许多相互联系的系统中的一部分。行为的特定方面只有根据这联系的系统中的一部分。行为的特定方面只有根据这些相互作用的网络结构与功能、个体在其中的地位和些相互作用的网络结构与功能、个体在其中的地位和角色才能被理解。角色才能被理解。II.Assessment2.Assessment is an ongoing process,not just a first step in practice（评估是持续的过程，而不仅仅是实务的第一步）:preliminary assessm

11、ent and subsequent assessment（初步评估、后续评估）3.Selecting appropriate forms of help by assessing the severity of clients problems.For physical illness or mental disorder,how a person reacts to stressors and pathologic process is the assessment focus.Steps for assessment（评估的步骤）:Collection of Collection of

12、datadataAnalysis of the person-group-environment configurationAction orservicesII.Assessment4.Requirements for the worker（对工作者的要求）:knowledge of human development（人的发展的知识）,typology of problems（问题分类）;criteria for judging functioning（判断功能水平的标准）;self-awareness of culture（文化的自我觉察）;decision ability for se

13、lection from alternatives（从不同的解释中选择的能力）;acumen（精明）;etc.5.Clients right to privacy（案主的隐私权）:the information sought should be limited to what is essential for achieving agreed upon goals（要寻求的信息应该限制于实现目标所必要的范围）.6.Cautiously use diagnostic classification and labels（谨慎使用诊断分类和标签）.III.Guidelines for prelimi

14、nary assessmentIII.Guidelines for preliminary assessmentOutlines of the content be measuredOutlines of the content be measured（测量的内容领域）（测量的内容领域）（测量的内容领域）（测量的内容领域）:1.Clients demographic characteristics,stage of development,1.Clients demographic characteristics,stage of development,ethnic background a

15、nd identity,social class,family structure.ethnic background and identity,social class,family structure.2.Problems of concern to the client,the worker,significant 2.Problems of concern to the client,the worker,significant persons;the causes of problems.persons;the causes of problems.3.How,when,and to

16、 whom did the problem become evident 3.How,when,and to whom did the problem become evident and what were the precipitating factors?and what were the precipitating factors?4.clients attitudes toward self,peers,family members,etc.4.clients attitudes toward self,peers,family members,etc.5.Range and qua

17、lities of clients relationships.5.Range and qualities of clients relationships.6.Capacities and resources of client and his/her social networks.6.Capacities and resources of client and his/her social networks.7.Motivation to receive group services.7.Motivation to receive group services.8.The fit bet

18、ween clients goals and group purpose.8.The fit between clients goals and group purpose.9.Goals appropriateness to the characteristics of the client and 9.Goals appropriateness to the characteristics of the client and the social situation.the social situation.10.Intervention to meet clients needs.10.

19、Intervention to meet clients needs.Wuhan University of Technology Liu WeihuaIII.Guidelines for preliminary assessmentJudgments need to be made after an assessment（评估之后要做的判断）1)Identifying the problem or illness（确认问题、需求或疾病）;2)Appraising the interrelation between biological,psychological,sociocultural,

20、and environmental factors（评定生物、心理、社会文化、环境因素之间的相互联系）;3)Evaluating clients positive motivations and capacities（评价案主积极的动机与能力）4）案主所处生态系统环境的优势、力量 5)The best intervention（最好的干预措施）III.Guidelines for preliminary assessmentHow to evaluate gathered data?Gather dataAnalyze person-group-environment configuratio

21、n1.What is the problem with client2.Variation of individuals development（个体发展的差异）3.Awareness of social norms and culture4.Conscious selection from alternativeexplanations 5.Individualized explanation（个别化的解释）6.Knowledge of behavior sciences determines such inferenceIII.Guidelines for preliminary asse

22、ssmentAnalysis in individual level（个体水平的分析）:the interrelatedness of affect,cognition,values,and behavioral patterns（感情、认知、价值观、行为模式之间的相互联系）;capacities and limitations of members in each major area of ego functioning（成员在主要的自我功能领域的能力和局限）(self-esteem,identity,judgment,perceptions of reality,adequacy of

23、communication,balance between freedom of expression and rigid control,the appropriateness of defenses and coping patterns,the range and quality of social relationships).III.Guidelines for preliminary assessmentAnalysis in environmental level（环境水平的分析）:resources（资源）,opportunities（机会）,barriers in commu

24、nity（社区中的障碍）;how sociocultural factors influence clients worldview,belief system,and extent of opportunity（社会文化因素如何影响案主的世界观、信念系统、机会的范围）.注意信念系统(spirituality,belief system)对案主心理社会功能的影响。IV.Subsequent assessment（后续的评估）1.Assessing the functioning of group members（评估小组成员的功能）:Workers should examine three b

25、road aspects of members functioning（工作者应该检查成员功能发挥的三个大的方面）:the intrapersonal life of the member（内心生活）;the interpersonal interactions of the member（人际相互作用）;the environment in which the member functions（环境胜任力）.Methods:1)self-observation（自我观察）:self-monitoring（自我监控）:charting（画表格）;logs and diaries（日志、日记）；

26、self-anchored rating scales（自我锚定等级评定量表）:2)worker observation（工作者的观察）:natural observation;role-playing;simulations;program activities.3)reports by others（他人报告）:4)standardized instruments（标准化测量工具）:IV.Subsequent assessment（后续的评估）2.Assessing the functioning of the group as a wholeFour major areas should

27、 be assessed:communication and interaction patterns;cohesion;social control mechanism;group culture3.Assessing the groups environmentThe organization that sponsors and sanctions the group:The interorganizational environment:The community environment:4.Linking assessment to intervention（将评估与干预联系起来）Li

28、nking assessment to intervention对个体的评估与干预:1.Cognitive restructuring2.Cognitive self-instruction3.Thought stopping4.Reframing 1.Modeling 2.Coaching 3.Role playing 4.Cueing 1.Connecting members toresources and services.2.Intervening in memberssocial networks.3.Changing reward structuresand incentives.

29、Treatment plan（干预计划）a.Intrapersonalb.Interpersonalc.Environmental 问题发生的问题发生的系统水平系统水平Linking assessment to intervention对小组整体的评估与干预:1.Identifying&discussing patterns2.Selective attention3.Confronting.1.Clarifying common goal2.Reinforcing the importanceof the groups work and its abilityto succeed.1.Dis

30、cussing dysfunctional norms&roles,seeking consensus to alter these1.Clarifying values.2.Discussing dominant features of culturea.Communication andinteraction pattern.b.Group attraction.c.Social controlsd.Group culture.Treatment for a group as a whole小组过程的不同方面Linking assessment to intervention对小组环境的评

31、估与干预:1.Clarifying group needs to agency leaders2.Understanding agencys purposes3.Overcoming resistance by developingsupport1.Establishing contact persons in other Agency2.Promoting collaboration.3.Joining in social action.1.Surveying community needs.2.Increasing community awareness of available serv

32、ices.3.Lobbying for needed services.4.Organizing for social action.a.Agency b.Interagency c.Community Treatment for group environmentV.Pregroup interview1.Purpose of pregroup interview（前期面谈的目的）（前期面谈的目的）:to make an assessment of a prospective group member and to prepare that person for entry and part

33、icipation.2.Benefits of pregroup interview（前期面谈的好处）（前期面谈的好处）:Facilitating attendance and developing clarity of purpose and expectation;Establishing an accepting,empathic,and supportive worker-member relationship;Lessening members initial anxiety and uncertaintyV.Pregroup interview3.Content of pregro

34、up interview（前期面谈的内容）:nature of the group and workers role;members feeling;expectation to member;commitment to the group and its work;belief in the democratic/collective process;value of the here-and-now experience and honest interaction between members;importance of mutual support and acceptance;et

35、c.4.How to deal with the situation when a client is inappropriate for a group(处理当一个成员不适合一个小组的情况）?1)Directly sharing those doubts and reasons with the client（直接与案主分享疑问与理由）2)Eliciting responses from the client and exploring specific feeling with sensitivity and empathy if necessary（了解案主的反应，并探讨相应的情感）.3

36、)Offering an alternative to meet clients needs（提供替代方案满足其需要）.VI.Working agreement（工作协议）1.Preliminary working agreement or contract（初步（初步的工作协议）的工作协议）:An agreement covers the general purpose of the group,the needs or problems to be addressed,the reciprocal role of worker and members,and mutual expectat

37、ion.2.Flexible attitude to working agreement（对工作协议（对工作协议的态度要灵活）的态度要灵活）:John Deweys speech.Flexibility makes it possible to redirect efforts,as appropriate to the needs of clients or according to changing circumstances.3.Major values of working agreement（工作协议的主（工作协议的主要价值）要价值）:VI.Working agreementValu

38、es of working agreement:1)To provide both workers and clients with involvement and participation2)To signify mutual commitment and responsibility3)To provide a common frame of reference for the participants4)To establish a foundation for periodic review of progress and next stepsExercises 1.The work

39、er and the client usually arrive at a preliminary working agreement after pregroup contact.What is the value for such an agreement?A.It make the group service flexible.B.It provides a common frame of reference for the participants action.C.It provides a frame for evaluating the intervention process.D.It provides a means for the worker to restrain the client.Wuhan University of Technology Liu WeihuaExercises2.When judging whether a client is suitable for a group,what aspects should the worker gather?How do the worker analysis these data?4.怎样进行需求和问题的评估才能反映生态系统观、赋权理论、优势视角的要求?