清华大学李艳梅有机化学绪论学习教案.pptx
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1、会计学1清华大学李艳梅有机化学清华大学李艳梅有机化学(yu j hu xu)绪论绪论第一页,共142页。ContenContent tPart I Organic compounds and organic chemistryPart I Organic compounds and organic chemistry -History -History 第一第一第一第一(dy)(dy)部分部分部分部分 有机化合物与有机化学有机化合物与有机化学有机化合物与有机化学有机化合物与有机化学 历史简介历史简介历史简介历史简介Part II Fundamental KnowledgePart II Fun
2、damental Knowledge 第二部分第二部分第二部分第二部分 基础知识基础知识基础知识基础知识 Structure,reaction&Classification Structure,reaction&Classification Formulas Formulas Nomenclature Nomenclature NMR,IR,UV&MS NMR,IR,UV&MS第1页/共142页第二页,共142页。1.Organic compounds and organic chemistry1.Organic compounds and organic chemistry第一部分第一部分第
3、一部分第一部分(b fen)(b fen)有机化合物和有机化学有机化合物和有机化学有机化合物和有机化学有机化合物和有机化学 1.1 Introduction and a brief history 1.1 Introduction and a brief history 有机化学历史简介有机化学历史简介 1.2 Character of organic compound 1.2 Character of organic compound 有机化合物的特性有机化合物的特性 1.3 Research fields in organic chemistry 1.3 Research fields i
4、n organic chemistry 有机化学研究领域有机化学研究领域 1.4 The methods 1.4 The methods toto study organic chemistry and how study organic chemistry and how toto learn learn organic chemistryorganic chemistry 有机化学研究方法及如何学习有机化学研究方法及如何学习(xux)(xux)有机化学课程有机化学课程第2页/共142页第三页,共142页。1.1 Introduction and a brief history 有机化学历史
5、有机化学历史(lsh)简介简介有机化学(yu j hu xu)?有机(yuj)化合物?Starch(淀粉)CmHnm value around 8Gasoline(汽油)第3页/共142页第四页,共142页。Salicylic acidAcetylsalicylic acid乙酰水杨酸(阿斯匹林)第4页/共142页第五页,共142页。Formalinaqueous solution of formaldehydeOrganic Chemistry in the HistoryTo make human body into a mummy,formalin was often employed
6、in ancient Egypt.甲 醛古埃及人利用有机化合物处理(chl)尸体第5页/共142页第六页,共142页。Wine was invented before Xia dynasty.By Zhou dynasty,wine has become very important in sacrifice events.制酒周礼(zhu l)第6页/共142页第七页,共142页。Vinegar production has already become an expect technology by Zhou dynasty.制醋第7页/共142页第八页,共142页。Dyeing has
7、become am important industry before Zhou dynasty.染色茜草第8页/共142页第九页,共142页。The demise of vitalismIn ancient ages,mixtures of organic compounds were abstracted from natural products.Chinese traditional drug,dye,and perfume are of this kind.By the 18th century,some pure organic compounds were obtained.Tu
8、rtric acid was obtained from grape juice,citric acid was abstracted from lemon juice,and urea was purified from urine.1828,preparation of urea from inorganic compounds indicates the demise of“vitalism”.In 1806,famous chemist,Berzelius J.first used the word“organic chemistry”,and states,organic compo
9、unds could not be produced without“vital force(生命力生命力)”第9页/共142页第十页,共142页。The fact that organic compounds could be obtained from inorganic compounds without the help of organism was not accepted for a long time.In 1845 acetic acid and in 1854 ester were separately synthesized from inorganic compound
10、s,indicating the final demise of vitalism.兴趣(xngq)阅读:See appendix file 0001:Letter between Whler and his adviser,Berzelius.See appendix file 0002:Whlers paper on synthesis of urea See appendix file 0003:Problems and answers on the urea synthetic paper (from Yale University)氰酸铵第10页/共142页第十一页,共142页。A
11、brief history190020001800Synthesis of ureaFriedrich Whler 第11页/共142页第十二页,共142页。Important events on organic chemistry1828Synthesis of urea,indicating demise of vitalismMilestone of organic chemistry By Whler1865Bringing forward that carbon is quadrivalentMilestone of structural theory By A.Kekul1874S
12、aturated carbon atoms share tetrahedral topologyInitiation of stereochemistry By J.H.Vant HoffInitiation of stereochemistry By J.A.Le Bel1917Lewis acid and Lewis base theoryMilestone of structural theory By Lewis1931Huckel rulesThe Frontier-orbital theoryThe principle of conservation of orbital symm
13、etery第12页/共142页第十三页,共142页。Means of“Organic chemistry”“有机化学(yu j hu xu)”的含义First citing 基于基于 “生命力生命力”学说学说Based on“vitalism”,Berzelius first cited this word,and deemed organic compounds could not be produced without the special power“vita force”.1806Definition 元素分析结果元素分析结果A.L.Lavoisier and Von Liebig
14、J.F.invented the elemental analysis protocal.They found all organic compounds contain carbon,most contain hydrogen,many contain oxygen and nitrogen.Kekl and Gmelin defined organic chemistry as“chemistry of carbonaceous compounds”将将“有机有机(yuj)化合物化合物”定义为定义为“含碳的化合物含碳的化合物”,则,则“有机有机(yuj)化学化学”即为即为“研究含碳化合物的
15、化学研究含碳化合物的化学”Of course,many carbonaceous compounds are not organic compounds1865第13页/共142页第十四页,共142页。Schorlemmers definition Schorlemmers definition 肖莱马的定义肖莱马的定义肖莱马的定义肖莱马的定义(dngy)(dngy)Based on chemical structural theory,Schorlemmer defined organic compound as“hydrocarbon and its derivatives”,and or
16、ganic chemistry as“chemistry of hydrocarbon and its derivatives”.“碳氢化合物及其衍生物”HintHint分类的关键:“性质(xngzh)”!而不是“组成”第14页/共142页第十五页,共142页。1.Organic compounds and organic chemistry1.Organic compounds and organic chemistry第一部分第一部分第一部分第一部分 有机有机有机有机(y(y uj)uj)化合物和有机化合物和有机化合物和有机化合物和有机(y(y uj)uj)化学化学化学化学 1.1 Int
17、roduction and a brief history 1.1 Introduction and a brief history 有机化学历史简介有机化学历史简介 1.2 Character of organic compound 1.2 Character of organic compound 有机化合物的特性有机化合物的特性 1.3 Research fields in organic chemistry 1.3 Research fields in organic chemistry 有机化学研究有机化学研究(ynji)(ynji)领域领域 1.4 The methods 1.4
18、The methods toto study organic chemistry and how study organic chemistry and how toto learn learn organic chemistryorganic chemistry 有机化学研究有机化学研究(ynji)(ynji)方法及如何学习有机化学课程方法及如何学习有机化学课程第15页/共142页第十六页,共142页。1.2 Character of organic compound 有机有机(yuj)化合物化合物的特性的特性结构上Covalent Bond1、碳通常以共价键与其它原子相连Link to e
19、ach other easily2、自身成键能力强Isomersim3、同分异构现象普遍存在第16页/共142页第十七页,共142页。Physical PropertiesLow melting point 熔点低Low boiling point 沸点低High volatility 挥发性大Often insoluble 多数(dush)难溶于水Density often lower than water 比重一般比水小Chemical Properties 稳定性不如(br)无机物 Less stable 易燃 Inflammation反应速度慢 Low reaction rate副反应
20、多 Frequent side reaction 化学性质物理性质第17页/共142页第十八页,共142页。1.Organic compounds and organic chemistry1.Organic compounds and organic chemistry第一部分第一部分第一部分第一部分(b fen)(b fen)有机化合物和有机化学有机化合物和有机化学有机化合物和有机化学有机化合物和有机化学 1.1 Introduction and a brief history 1.1 Introduction and a brief history 有机化学历史简介有机化学历史简介 1.
21、2 Character of organic compound 1.2 Character of organic compound 有机化合物的特性有机化合物的特性(txng)(txng)1.3 Research fields in organic chemistry 1.3 Research fields in organic chemistry 有机化学研究领域有机化学研究领域 1.4 The methods 1.4 The methods toto study organic chemistry and how study organic chemistry and how toto l
22、earn organic chemistrylearn organic chemistry 有机化学研究方法及如何学习有机化学课程有机化学研究方法及如何学习有机化学课程第18页/共142页第十九页,共142页。1.3 Research fields in organic chemistry 有机化学研究有机化学研究(ynji)领域领域 Nature Product Chemistry 天然产物(chnw)化学Separated,or extracted chemicals from nature products.Eg.Hormones,Auxin,Pheromone第19页/共142页第二十
23、页,共142页。Structure Determination 结构(jigu)测定SpectroscopicNMRIRUltra ViolateMass spectrometryNonspectroscopicElementary analysis第20页/共142页第二十一页,共142页。Organic Synthesis 有机合成(yuj hchng)第21页/共142页第二十二页,共142页。Reaction Mechanism 反应(fnyng)机理Transition StateE第22页/共142页第二十三页,共142页。Cross science 与其它学科(xuk)渗透 eg
24、.with life science Life procedure is consisted of chemical reactions of biological molecules,the transformation of matter and energy.Chemical biology aims to explore the life procedure on the molecular level.Chemical theories and methodsLife science第23页/共142页第二十四页,共142页。with environment engineeringT
25、o reduce pollutionTo extract useful compounds from injurants Green Chemistry绿绿 色色 化化 学学第24页/共142页第二十五页,共142页。1.Organic compounds and organic chemistry1.Organic compounds and organic chemistry第一第一第一第一(dy)(dy)部分部分部分部分 有机化合物和有机化学有机化合物和有机化学有机化合物和有机化学有机化合物和有机化学 1.1 Introduction and a brief history 1.1 In
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