(精品)Lecture6_ResMeth_Ozer.ppt
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1、Research in Educational ServicesResearch in Educational ServicesEVAL 65511 002Ipek OZERLecture 6Wednesday,October 3,2012Wednesday,October 3,20121TodayChapter 7Factorial DesignsRepeated Measures DesignsTime Series DesignsRandomness and RepresentativenessChapter 8Quasi-Experimental Designs ValidityPos
2、ttest Only,Nonequivalent Control Group DesignsPretest-Posttest,Nonequivalent Control Group DesignsTime Series DesignsAction Research and Quasi-Experimental DesignsInterpreting ResultsQuiz 22What are the types of experimental designs?Between Group DesignsTrue experiments(pre-and posttest,posttest onl
3、y)Quasi-experiments(pre-and posttest,posttest only)Factorial DesignsWithin Group or Individual DesignsTime series experimentsRepeated measures experimentsSingle subject experiments3Between subjects designs have different groups of subjects that are assigned to the treatment conditions.2 IVs:Teaching
4、 Methods and Teacher.3 different teaching methods and 2 different teachers.6 different groups with different students.4Group 1Group 2Group 3Group 4Group 5Group 6PretestTreatment APosttestPretestTreatment APosttestPretestTreatment BPosttestPretestTreatment BPosttestPretestControlPosttestPretestContro
5、lPosttest5Subject 1Subject 2Subject 3Subject 4Subject 5Subject 6PretestCtrlTestPretestCtrlTestPretestCtrlTestPretestCtrlTestPretestCtrlTestPretestCtrlTestATestATestATestATestATestATestBPosttestBPosttestBPosttestBPosttestBPosttestBPosttestWithin subjects designs(repeated measures)consist of the same
6、group of subjects receiving more than one treatment.(Ctrl)The traditional method,and take an in-class test.(A)The online course online and then have the exam.(B)Small group discussions and then have the posttest.Chapter 7(cont.)Experimental Design6Common Research DesignsExperimental ResearchPosttest
7、-only Control Group DesignPretest-Posttest Control Group DesignSolomon Four-Group DesignFactorial DesignsRepeated Measures DesignsTimes series designs7Solomon Four-Group Design(last week)This is a combination of the pre-post control and the posttest only control group designs.There are two control(i
8、.e.,2 and 4)and two experimental groups(i.e.,1 and 3).(1)R G1XO2(2)R G2O4O1O3(3)R G3XO5(4)R G4O68Solomon Four-Group DesignRandom Selection of Subjects from PopulationRandom Assignment of Subjects to ConditionsExperimental TreatmentControl GroupPosttest MeasurementPretest MeasurementExperimental Trea
9、tmentControl Grouphttp:/ DesignsIt is not enough to know the effect of a single treatment on an outcome;several treatments may,in fact,provide a better explanation for outcome.Between-group design in which the researcher studies two or more categorical,IVs,each examined at two or more levels.Purpose
10、:to study the independent and simultaneous effects of two or more independent treatment variables on an outcome.Each independent variable is represented by a separate number which indicates the number of levels for that variable10Factorial Designs(2X2)Random Selection of Subjects from PopulationRand
11、om Assignment of Subjects to ConditionsFactor 2 Level 1(X1)Factor 2 Level 2(X2)Posttest MeasurementFactor 1 Level 1(Z1)Factor 1 Level 2(Z2)Factor 2 Level 1(X1)Factor 2 Level 2(X2)11Conducting a factorial designRQ:“Do rates of smoking vary under different combinations of type of instruction and level
12、s of depression?”Levels of each factor or IV:Types of instruction:A health-hazards lectureA standard lectureLevels of depression:LowMediumHighhttp:/doctor.co.uk/interactive/interactivetests/goldberg.php122 LEVELS of instruction3 LEVELS of depressionThe design is called a two by three factorial desig
13、n.(2X3)Factorial Design Groups assigned to 2 conditions13GroupExtent of Depression(depression scores)Type of InstructionDependent Variable(scores on instrument measuring smoking)Group 1LowHealth-hazards lecturePosttestGroup 2MediumHealth-hazards lecturePosttestGroup 3HighHealth-hazards lecturePostte
14、stGroup 4LowStandard lecturePosttestGroup 5MediumStandard lecturePosttestGroup 6HighStandard lecturePosttestFactorial DesignsThere are 3 possible outcomes from a factorial design:No significanceMain effects-the influence of each IV on the outcome.Interactions-exist when the influence on one IV depen
15、ds on the other IV.14Main&Interaction effects15Means and Main effects of the Six Groups in the Factorial DesignDepressionLowMediumHighType of InstructionHealthMean rate of smokingMean rate of smokingMean rate of smokingStandardMean rate of smokingMean rate of smokingMean rate of smokingMain effects
16、of depressionMain effects of type of instruction16The results of scores on the posttest(i.e.,rate of smoking)and the three factors of depression.The graph displays the scores for both groups(standard and health lecture).The extent of smoking for both groups increases with the level of depression.17I
17、nteraction Effects(Crossed)The extent of smoking for the groups receiving the standard lecture increase as depression increases.Smoking rates for students who experience the health lecture are constant for each level of depression.Interaction Effects(Not Parallel)The extent of smoking for the groups
18、 receiving the standard lecture increase as depression increases.The extent of smoking for the groups receiving the health lecture decrease as depression increases.Factorial DesignsFactorial Designsuses two or more IVs with at least two levels of each variable;All levels of each IV are taken in comb
19、ination with the levels of the other Ivs.Factorial Designs commonly use numerical designations such as 2 X 2 or 2 X 4.This indicates how many IVs and the levels of each IV.18Factorial DesignsAdvantages1.One design for multiple IVs,instead of separate designs for each IV.2.Can investigate interaction
20、s.3.Random/Error Variance is reduced.4.Can enhance control.Disadvantages1.Not economically/practically feasible(e.g.,larger sample size).2.Interpretation of complex interactions.2 X 3 X 2 X 4 design19Repeated Measures DesignsRepeated Measurestaking additional observations in order to check on a dela
21、yed effect or duration of effect.This is an extension of the posttest-only control group design.Observations are taken on both groups after the experimental treatment has been administered.At specified intervals,more observations are taken on each group,but there are no more additional treatments.20
22、21Subject 1Subject 2Subject 3Subject 4Subject 5Subject 6PretestCtrlTestPretestCtrlTestPretestCtrlTestPretestCtrlTestPretestCtrlTestPretestCtrlTestATestATestATestATestATestATestBPosttestBPosttestBPosttestBPosttestBPosttestBPosttestWithin subjects designs(repeated measures)consist of the same group of
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