有机化学专业词汇精选课件.ppt

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1、关于有机化学专业词汇第一页，本课件共有56页Some significant organic chemical termsnhydrocarbons;saturated hydrocarbon;unsaturated hydrocarbon;conjugate(conjugation);（碳氢化合物，烃，饱和（碳氢化合物，烃，饱和，不饱和，不饱和，共轭），共轭）Types of Reaction:substitution(alkylation,halogenation etc)（取代，如烷基（取代，如烷基化，卤代）化，卤代）;addition（加成）（加成）;elimination（消去）（消

2、去）;condensation（缩合）（缩合）;polymerization（聚合）（聚合）;oxidation（氧化）（氧化）;reduction（还原）（还原）.第二页，本课件共有56页ndegradation（降解）（降解）;rearrangement（重排）（重排）;replacement（置换）（置换）;npericyclic reaction(cycloaddition reaction;electrocyclic reaction;sigmatropic rearrangement)（周环反应，包括（周环反应，包括:环加成，电环化，环加成，电环化，-重排）重排）-philic：亲

3、：亲的的Electrophile(electrophilic)（亲电试剂，亲电的）;nucleophile(nucleophilic)（亲核试剂，亲核的）;Carbocation（碳正离子）;carbanion（碳负离子）;radical（游离基，free ,自由基）;intermediate（中间体）;substituent（取代基）;第三页，本课件共有56页nReactivity（反应活性（反应活性）;nAttack（进攻）（进攻）;nleaving group（离去基团）（离去基团）;nprotecting group（保护基）（保护基）;ncatalyst（催化剂）（催化剂）;nKin

4、etic（动力学的）（动力学的）;n thermodynamic（热力学的）（热力学的）.第四页，本课件共有56页cis-trans isomer;optical isomer(enantiomer);（顺（顺-反异构体，光学异构体（光学对映体）反异构体，光学异构体（光学对映体）asymmetric;（不对称）（不对称）chiraltrl（性的）（性的）chiralitykarlti（手性）（手性）第五页，本课件共有56页nracemic rsemkmixture;（内消旋体）（内消旋体）nmeso compound;（外消旋体）（外消旋体）nstereoselective reaction;

5、nstereospecific reation;nregioselective reaction;nsteric hindrance;steric effects;（立体阻碍（位阻），立体效应（立体阻碍（位阻），立体效应）第六页，本课件共有56页reflux;stir;azeotrope;（回流，搅拌，恒、共沸物）（回流，搅拌，恒、共沸物）nseparation;filter;distillation;fraction;chromatography;（分离，过滤，蒸馏，分馏，色谱）（分离，过滤，蒸馏，分馏，色谱）nextraction;precipitate;recrystallization

6、;（萃取，沉淀，重结晶）（萃取，沉淀，重结晶）Terms related to the synthetic experiment 第七页，本课件共有56页第八页，本课件共有56页第九页，本课件共有56页 Ground joint;nFlask(three-necked,round-bottom,conical,filter,suction,volumetric);nCondenser(air,reflux,ball,coil);distilling head(claisen);adaptor(vacuum);nBeaker;funnel(buchner,separatory,long-stem

7、,stemless,dropping,sintered glass);nBottle(weighing,washing,dropping,gas-washing);drying tube(tower,desiccator,vacuum desiccator);第十页，本课件共有56页Prefix-Parent-SuffixNomenclatureofparentpart-NomenclatureofalkanesandalkylsubstituentsStraight-chainalkanesStraight-chainalkanesarenamedbycountingthenumberofc

8、arbonatomsinthechainandaddingthefamilysuffix-ane.Thuspentaneisthefive-carbonalkane,andhexaneisthesix-carbonalkane.第十一页，本课件共有56页nAn alkyl substituent(or an alkyl group)is an alkane from which a single hydrogen has been removed.nAlkyl substituents are named by replacing the“ane”suffix of the alkane wi

9、th“yl”.The letter“R”is used to indicate any alkyl group.nThus CH3-has the name of methyl,while the group of CH3CH2-was named ethyl.第十二页，本课件共有56页NumberMolecularNameNameinAlkylofcarbonsformulaChinesesubstituents1CH4Methane甲甲烷烷Methyl2C2H6Ethane乙乙烷烷Ethyl3C3H8Propane 丙丙烷烷Propyl4C4H10Butane丁丁烷烷Butyl5C5H12

10、Pentane戊戊烷烷Pentyl6C6H14Hexane己己烷烷Hexyl7C7H16Heptane庚庚烷烷Heptyl8C8H18Octane辛辛烷烷Octyl9C9H20Nonane壬壬烷烷Nonyl10C10H22Decane癸癸烷烷Decyl11C11H24Undecane十一十一烷烷Undecyl12C12H26Dodecane十二十二烷烷Dodecyl13C13H28Tridecane十三十三烷烷Tridecyl20C20H42Icosane二十二十烷烷Icosyl21C21H44Heneicosane二十一二十一烷烷Heneicosyl30C30H62Triacontane三十

11、三十烷烷Triacontyl第十三页，本课件共有56页Branched-chainalkanes3-ethyl-3-methylhexane第十四页，本课件共有56页SomeusefulprefixesforindicatingthenumberofsubstituentgroupsMono-单取代,一取代Di-二取代Tri-三取代Tetra-四取代Pent(a)-五取代Hex(a)-六取代Hept(a)-七取代Oct(a)-八取代Nona-九取代Deca-十取代2,6-dimethyloctanenot2-ethyl-6-methylheptane3-ethyl-2-methylhexane

12、not3-isopropylhexane第十五页，本课件共有56页nSomeusefulprefixesusedtonamebranchedalkanes(Commonnames)(normal)n-正(isomer)iso-异neo-新primary伯，一级(secondary)sec-仲，二级(tertiary)tert-叔，三级quaternary季，四级n-pentaneneopentaneisobutane正戊烷新戊烷异丁烷Pentane2,2-dimethylpropane2-methylpropanetert-butanolisobutanaminesec-butanamine叔

13、丁醇异丁胺仲丁胺2-methyl-2-propanol2-methylpropanamine1-methylpropanamine第十六页，本课件共有56页Cyclicalkanes(cycloalkanes)e.g.cylcopropane,cyclopentane,andcyclohexyletc第十七页，本课件共有56页NomenclatureofacyclichydrocarbonswithonedoubleortriplebondAcyclichydrocarbonshavingonedoubleortriplebondarenamedbyreplacingtheending“-an

14、e”ofthenameofthecorrespondingalkanewiththeending“-ene”or“-yne”.(alkene)(alkyne)e.g.(butane)butenebutenebutynetrans-2-butene cis-2-butene3-methyl-1-butyne第十八页，本课件共有56页Theunivalentradicalderivedfromacyclicalkeneoralkynehastheendings“-enyl”or“-ynyl”,(alkenealkenyl)(alkynealkynyl),andthepositionofthedou

15、bleortriplebondisindicatedwherenecessary.(unlikealkanealkyl)e.g.1-propenyl2-butenylethynyl2-propynyl第十九页，本课件共有56页Thefollowingnon-systematicnamesareretainednEthylene(乙烯）nAllene（丙二烯）nAcetylene（乙炔）nIsoprene（异戊二烯）nVinyl（乙烯基）nAllyl（烯丙基）nIsopropenyl（异丙烯基）第二十页，本课件共有56页Nomenclatureofacyclichydrocarbonswitht

16、woormoredoubleortriplebondsnTwoormoredoublebonds:theendingwillbe“-adiene”,“-atriene”etc.(alkadiene)nTwoormoretriplebonds:theendingwillbe“-adiyne”,“-atriyne”etc.(alkadiyne)e.g.2-methyl-1,3-butadienepropadiene2,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene3-ethyl-4-methyl-1,6-heptadiyne第二十一页，本课件共有56页Nomenclatureofmonoc

17、yclicaromatichydrocarbons苯甲苯二甲苯苯乙烯异丙苯均三甲苯benzenetoluenexylenestyrenecumenemesitylene苯基甲苯基二甲苯基苯乙烯基异丙苯基均三甲苯基苄基Phenyltolylxylylstyrylcumenylmesitylbenzyl第二十二页，本课件共有56页Commonnamesretainedforthedisubstitutedbenzeneortho-,o-邻meta-,m-间para-,p-对m-methylbenzylm-tolyl3,4-dimethylphenyl3-methylbenzyl3-tolylo-s

18、tyrylp-cumenyl3,5-dimethyl-4-ethylphenyl2-styryl4-cumenyl第二十三页，本课件共有56页SomeimportantFamiliesoforganicmoleculesnSaturatedhydrocarbons:suchas:Alkanes;cycloalkanes;nUn-saturatedhydrocarbons:suchas:alkenes;alkynes;cycloalkenes;cycloalkynes;cycloalkadienes;cycloalkadiynes;nAromaticcompouds:benzene;biphen

19、yl;naphthaleneandotherfusedandpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons;nCompoundswithfunctionalgroups:alkylhalides（卤代烃）;alcohols（醇）;phenols（酚）;ethers（醚）;amines（胺）;nCompoundswithfunctionalgroups:aldehydes（醛）;ketones（酮）;quinones（醌）;carboxylicacids（羧酸）;esters（酯）;acylhalides（酰卤）;acidanhydrides（酸酐）amides（酰胺）;imide

20、s（亚胺）;第二十四页，本课件共有56页Compoundswithfunctionalgroups:alkylhalides（卤代烃）;alcohols（醇）;phenols（酚）;ethers（醚）;amines（胺）etc.nalkylhalidesR-Xhalogen(-halo)(-Cl,-Br,-F,-I)nAlcoholsR-OHhydroxygroup(-OH)nPhenolsAr-OHhydroxygroup(-OH)nEthersR-O-RAlkoxygroup(O-R)nAminesR-NH2aminogroup(NH2)第二十五页，本课件共有56页Alkylhalides

21、(haloalkaneoralkylhalide)Alkylhalidesareclassifiedasprimary,secondary,or tertiarydependingonthecarbontowhichthehalogenisattached.第二十六页，本课件共有56页Thecommonnamesofthealkylhalidesareobtainedbycitingthenameofthealkylgroupfollowedbythenameofthehalogen.(alkylhalide)IntheIUPACsystem,alkylhalidesarenamedassub

22、stitutedalkanes.Thesubstitutedprefixnamesforthehalogensendin“o”(fluoro,chloro,bromo,iodo).(haloalkane)第二十七页，本课件共有56页NomenclatureofalcoholsAlcoholsThecommonnames,similartoalkylhalides,areobtainedbycitingthenameofthealkylgrouptowhichtheOHgroupisattached,followedbytheword“alcohol”.(alkylalcohol)TheIUPA

23、Cnameforanalcoholisobtainedbyremovingthe“e”fromthenameofthealkaneandaddingthesuffix“ol”.(alkanol)第二十八页，本课件共有56页NomenclatureofaminesAminesarecompoundsinwhichoneormorehydrogenofammoniahavebeenreplacedbyalkylgroups.Thereareprimary,secondary,andtertiaryamines.Thisclassificationdependsonhowmanyalkylgroup

24、sarebondedtothenitrogen.(!notcarbon)第二十九页，本课件共有56页nThecommonnameofaamineisobtainedbycitingthenamesofthealkylgroupsbondedtothenitrogeninalphabeticalorder.Theentirenameiswrittenasoneword.(alkylamine)e.g.第三十页，本课件共有56页nTherearetwoIUPACapprovedwaytonameanamine.1.Itcanbenamedasasubstitutedalkaneusingthepr

25、efix“amino”todesignatetheaminesubstituent.(?aminoalkane)2.Italsocanbeennamedwithafunctionalgroupsuffix-“amine”.The“e”attheendofthealkanenameisreplacedby“amine”.ThenamesofsubstituentsbondedtothenitrogenareprecededbyanN(initalic)toindicatethatthesubstituentisbondedtoanitrogenratherthantoacarbon.(N-alk

26、yl)alkanamine第三十一页，本课件共有56页第三十二页，本课件共有56页nAmineswithfouralkylgroupsbondedtothenitrogen-andthereforeapositivechargeonthenitrogen-arecalledquaternary ammonium salts.Theirnamesareobtainedbycitingthenamesofthealkylgroupsinalphabeticalorderasaprefixto“ammonium”,followedbythenameofthecounterion.alkylammon

27、iumhalide(orhydroxideetc)第三十三页，本课件共有56页Nomenclatureofetherssymmetricaletherandasymmetricalether.e.g.第三十四页，本课件共有56页nThecommonnameofanetherisobtainedbycitingthenamesofthetwoalkylsubstituents(inalphabeticalorder)followedbytheword“ether”.Thesmallestethersarealmostalwaysnamedbytheircommonnames.(alkylalky

28、lether)nTheIUPACsystemnamesanetherasanalkanethatbearsanalkoxysubstituent.Alkoxysubstituentsarenamedbyremovingthe“yl”fromthenameofthealkylsubstituentandadding“oxy”.(alkoxyalkane)methoxyethoxy1-methylethoxy1,1-dimethylpropoxy第三十五页，本课件共有56页Acarbonylgroup（羰基）isacarbondoublybondedtoanoxygenandanacylgroup

29、（酰基）isacarbonylgroupattachedtoanalkylsubstituent.Abenzoylgroup（苯甲酰基）isacarbonylgroupattachedtoabenzenering.第三十六页，本课件共有56页NomenclatureofaldehydesandketonesnThecommonnameofanaldehydeisthesameascarboxylicacid(derivedfromsomeLatinwords).(Latin+aldehyde)nTheIUPACnameofanaldehydeisobtainedbyremovingthe“e”

30、fromthealkanenameandadding“-al”.(alkanal)第三十七页，本课件共有56页nIfthealdehydegroupisattachedtoaring,thealdehydeisnamedbyadding“carbaldehyde”tothenameofthering.(cycloalkanecarbaldehyde)phenylmethanal第三十八页，本课件共有56页NomenclatureofketonesnCommonname:Onlyafewketonshavecommonnames,suchasacetone(likealdehyde).Commo

31、nnamesarealsousedforphenyl-substitutedketones.Theyarecalledphenones.(+one)nIUPACname:KetonesarenamedintheIUPACsystembyremovingthe“e”fromthealkanenameandadding“-one”.(alkanone)nDerivedname:Likeethers,R-CO-Rcanbenamedbycitingthenamesofthetwoalkylsubstituents(inalphabeticalorder)followedbytheword“keton

32、e”.(alkylalkylketone)第三十九页，本课件共有56页CommonnameIUPACnameDerivedname第四十页，本课件共有56页NomenclatureofcarboxylicacidsanditsderivativesX=OH,acarboxylicacidX=halogen,anacylhalideX=OR,anesterX=OCOR,anacidanhydrideX=NRR,anamide第四十一页，本课件共有56页NomenclatureofcarboxylicacidsacarboxylgroupThefunctionalgroupofacarboxyli

33、cacidiscalledacarboxylgroup.Long-chaincarboxylicacidsarecalled“fattyacids”.第四十二页，本课件共有56页nCommonname:Carboxylicacids(6)arefrequentlycalledbytheircommonnames.Theyarenamedbyadding“Latinprefix”before“acid”.?whatiscarbon?nIUPACname:acarboxylicacidisnamedbyreplaceingthe“e”endingofthealkanenamewith“oicaci

34、d”.(alkanoicacid)nCarboxylicacidsinwhichacarboxylgroupisattachedtoacycliccompoundcanbenamedbyadding“carboxylicacid”tothenameofthecycliccompound.第四十三页，本课件共有56页benzoicacid第四十四页，本课件共有56页NomenclatureofacylhalidesAcylhalidesarenamedbyusingtheacidnameandreplacingthe“icacid”with“ylhalide”(alkanoylhalide),o

35、rbyreplacing“carboxylicacid”with“carbonylhalide”(cycloalkanecarbonylhalide)第四十五页，本课件共有56页benzoylchloride第四十六页，本课件共有56页Nomenclatureofacidanhydrides?Doyouknowthemeaningof“anhydride”R=R,asymmetricalanhydrideRR,amixedanhydride第四十七页，本课件共有56页nSymmetricalanhydridesarenamedbyusingtheacidnameandreplacing“aci

36、d”with“anhydride”,mixedanhydridesarenamedbystatingthenameofbothacidgroupsinalphabeticalorderfollowedby“anhydride”.第四十八页，本课件共有56页NomenclatureofestersInnaminganester,thenameofthegroupattachedtothe“carboxyloxygen”isstatedfirst.Thisisfollowedbythenameoftheacidwith“-icacid”replacedby“-ate”.Saltsofcarboxy

37、licacidsarenamedinthesameway.(RalkylRalkanoate)第四十九页，本课件共有56页ethylacetate第五十页，本课件共有56页NomenclatureofamidesAprimaryamideasecondaryamideatertiaryamideAmidesarenamedbyusingtheacidname,replacing“oicacid”or“-icacid”with“amide”,orbyreplacing“carboxylicacid”with“carboxamide”.(alkanamide)or(cycloalkanecarbo

38、xamide)第五十一页，本课件共有56页第五十二页，本课件共有56页NomenclatureofnitrilesnIncommonnomenclature,nitrilesarenamedbyreplacing“icacid”with“-onitrile”,ortheyarenamedas“alkylcyanide”.(alkylcyanide)nInIUPACnomenclature,nitrilesarenamedbyadding“-nitrile”tothealkanename.(alkanenitrile)第五十三页，本课件共有56页Halogen(卤素)nFluorine(氟)nChlorine(氯）nBromine(溴)nIodine(碘)Noblegas(惰性气体)nArgon(氩)第五十四页，本课件共有56页Alkalimetals(碱金属)nLithium(锂)nSodium(钠)nPotassium(钾)Alkalineearths(碱土)nMagnesium(镁)nCalcium(钙)nAluminum(铝)nTin(锡)nLead(铅)第五十五页，本课件共有56页感感谢谢大大家家观观看看第五十六页，本课件共有56页