胸腔积液的定义PPT精选课件.ppt
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1、关于胸腔积液的定义PPT第一页,本课件共有33页Definitionv 正正常常胸胸腔腔内内有有微微量量液液体体起起润润滑滑作作用用。其其产生与吸收处于动态平衡。产生与吸收处于动态平衡。v 当当产产生生增增加加或或吸吸收收减减少少,胸胸膜膜腔腔内内液液体体积聚,便形成积聚,便形成胸腔积液。胸腔积液。vGeneral Considerations:Pleural fluid is formed in the normal individual mostly on the parietal pleural surface at the rate of about 0.1mL/kg body wei
2、ght/h.第二页,本课件共有33页nAbsorption of fluid occurs mostly through visceral pleural capillaries,while protein is recovered through parietal pleural lymphatics.The resultant homeostasis leaves 5-15mL of fluid normally present in the pleural space.nThe five major types of pleural effusion are transudates,ex
3、udates,empyema,hemorrhagic pleural effusion or hemothorax,and or chyliform effusion.第三页,本课件共有33页胸腔积液产生与吸收的机制 胸腔内负压(5)胸腔内胶体渗透压(8 cm H2O)淋巴回流 毛细血管胶体渗透压 毛细血管静水压30cm H2O 34cm H2O 11cm H2O 壁层胸膜脏层胸膜 液体渗出压力梯度(5830)349cm H2O 液体再吸收压力梯度34(5811)10cm H2O 胸膜腔胸膜腔(体循环cap)(进入)(肺循环cap)(吸收)第四页,本课件共有33页n壁层胸膜液体进入胸膜腔压力梯
4、度:壁层胸膜液体进入胸膜腔压力梯度:9cmH9cmH2 2O On 毛细血管静水压毛细血管静水压 30cmH30cmH2 2O On 胸膜腔负压胸膜腔负压 5cmH5cmH2 2O On 胸膜腔胶体渗透压胸膜腔胶体渗透压 8cmH8cmH2 2O On 毛细血管胶体渗透压毛细血管胶体渗透压34cmH34cmH2 2O On脏层胸膜液体从胸膜腔回收压力梯度:脏层胸膜液体从胸膜腔回收压力梯度:10cmH10cmH2 2O On毛细血管静水压毛细血管静水压 11cmH11cmH2 2O On 胸膜腔负压胸膜腔负压 5cmH5cmH2 2O On 胸膜腔胶体渗透压胸膜腔胶体渗透压 8cmH8cmH2
5、2O On 毛细血管胶体渗透压毛细血管胶体渗透压34cmH34cmH2 2O On 淋巴回流。淋巴回流。n胸腔积液的形成:胸腔积液的形成:n 上述胸液滤出和再吸收压力梯度失衡或胸膜面积变化上述胸液滤出和再吸收压力梯度失衡或胸膜面积变化n 淋巴管引流受影响淋巴管引流受影响第五页,本课件共有33页【Pathogenesy】一一、毛毛细细血血管管静静水水压压增增高高:充充血血性性心心衰衰、缩缩窄窄性性心心包包炎等炎等体循环或肺循环静水压增加。漏出液为主体循环或肺循环静水压增加。漏出液为主二二、毛毛细细血血管管通通透透性性增增加加:胸胸膜膜炎炎症症、胸胸膜膜肿肿瘤瘤、全身性疾病等。渗出液(胸水胶渗压升
6、高)全身性疾病等。渗出液(胸水胶渗压升高)三三、血血浆浆胶胶体体渗渗透透压压降降低低:低低蛋蛋白白血血症症:肝肝硬硬化化、肾肾病综合征。漏出液病综合征。漏出液四、淋巴管引流障碍:癌症淋巴管阻塞。渗出液四、淋巴管引流障碍:癌症淋巴管阻塞。渗出液五五、损损伤伤所所致致胸胸腔腔内内出出血血:外外伤伤,主主A A瘤瘤破破裂裂;血血性性、脓性、乳糜性均属渗出液。脓性、乳糜性均属渗出液。第六页,本课件共有33页n主要病因和积液性质:参见讲义 P144 表2131第七页,本课件共有33页Essentials of DiagnosisnAsymptomatic in many cases;pleurtic c
7、hest pain if pleuritis is present;dyspnea if effusion is large.nDecreased tactile fremitus;dullness to percussion;distant breath sounds;egophony if effusion is large.nRadiographic evidence of pleural effusion.nDiagnostic findings on thoracentesis.第八页,本课件共有33页【Clinical Manifestation】n症状症状n胸痛:大量积液时,气急
8、加重,胸痛消失。胸痛:大量积液时,气急加重,胸痛消失。Pleuritic chest pain and dry coughPleuritic chest pain and dry coughn呼吸困难:呼吸困难:300-500ml300-500ml Small Small pleural pleural effusions effusions are are usually usually asymptomatic,asymptomatic,whereas large pleural effusions may cause dyspneawhereas large pleural effusi
9、ons may cause dyspnean体征体征(1):n气管移位:大量胸水可伴气管、纵隔移向健侧。气管移位:大量胸水可伴气管、纵隔移向健侧。n呼吸动度减弱呼吸动度减弱n叩浊音,叩浊音,n呼吸音降低,胸膜摩擦音。呼吸音降低,胸膜摩擦音。第九页,本课件共有33页n体征体征(2)Physical findings are absent if less than 200-300mL of pleural fluid is present.Signs consistent with a larger pleural effusion include decrease in tactile frem
10、itus,dullness to percussion,and diminution of breath sounds over the effusion.n原发病的症状、体征原发病的症状、体征:结核中毒症状,结核中毒症状,恶液质,恶液质,体循环瘀血表现。体循环瘀血表现。第十页,本课件共有33页影象诊断(影象诊断(imageimage)()(1 1)1、胸液胸液0.30.5L0.30.5L时,肋隔角变纯;时,肋隔角变纯;About 250mL of pleural fluid must be present before About 250mL of pleural fluid must be
11、 present before effusion can be detected on conventional erect effusion can be detected on conventional erect posteroanterior chest radiograph.posteroanterior chest radiograph.2 2、更多的积液可见液性曲线(外高、内低的弧形上缘)、更多的积液可见液性曲线(外高、内低的弧形上缘),随随体位变化。体位变化。3 3、液气胸时可见液平面。、液气胸时可见液平面。4 4、局限性积液(包裹性胸腔积液):叶间积液、肺底积、局限性积液(包
12、裹性胸腔积液):叶间积液、肺底积液。液。5、积液量的判断:积液量的判断:2 2、4 4前肋前肋第十一页,本课件共有33页影象诊断(影象诊断(imageimage)()(2 2)6 6、单侧大量积液:、单侧大量积液:CaCa、TBTB、其他。、其他。Massive pleural effusion(opacification of an Massive pleural effusion(opacification of an entire hemithorax)is commonly caused by cancer entire hemithorax)is commonly caused by
13、 cancer but has been observed in tuberculosis and other but has been observed in tuberculosis and other diseases.diseases.第十二页,本课件共有33页CT检查少量积液少量积液:CT scanning is sensitive in the detection of small amounts of pleural fluid.包裹性胸腔积液包裹性胸腔积液肺肺内内、纵纵隔隔、胸胸膜膜的的病病变变:如肺内肿瘤,胸膜间皮瘤等。超声检查:定位(用于局限性胸水或者粘连分隔胸水的诊治)、
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