北京大学邵元华教授《电化学研究方法》课件第一部分 第1-2章.ppt
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1、 Fundamentals of Electroanalytical Chemistry 电分析化学研究方法电分析化学研究方法 Yuanhua Shao(邵元华,教授邵元华,教授,Ph.D.)Y Institute of Analytical Chemistry,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking UniversityOutline:1.Principles2.Methods3.ApplicationsPart 1 Principles1.Introduction2.Electrochemical Cell:Thermod
2、ynamic Properties and Electrode Potentials3.The Interfacial Region4.Fundamentals of Kinetics and Mechanism of Electrode Reactions5.Mass Transport6.Kinetics and Transport in Electrode Reactions主要内容主要内容Part 2Methods1.Electrochemical Experiments2.Hydrodynamic Electrodes3.Cyclic Voltammetry and Linear S
3、weepTechniques4.Step and Pulse Techniques5.Impedance Methods6.Non-Electrochemical Probes of Electrodesand Electrode Processes Part 3Novel Techniques and Applications 1.Potentiometric Sensors2.Amperometric and Voltammetric Sensors3.Electrochemistry in Industry4.BioelectrochemistryGeneral Books:1*A.J.
4、Bard and L.R.Faulkner,Electrochemical methods,fundamentals and applications,Wiley,New York,1980(2nd Edition,2001)电化学方法原理和应用,邵元华等译,电化学方法原理和应用,邵元华等译,2005年年5月,化学工业出版社月,化学工业出版社2*C.M.A.Brett and A.M.O.Brett,Electrochemistry,Principles,Methods,and Applications,Oxford,19933*Southampton Electrochemistry Gro
5、up,New Instrumental Methods in Electrochemistry,Ellis Horwood,Chichester,19854 A.M.Bond,Modern polarographic methods in Analytical Chemistry,Dekker,New York,19805 J.Koryta,Principles of Electrochemistry,Wiley,19876 P.Delahay,New Instrumental methods in Electrochemistry,19547 R.N.Adams,Electrochemist
6、ry at solid electrodes,19698*J.OM.Bockris and A.N.Reddy,Modern Electrochemistry,Plenum,New York,19709*Analytical Electrochemistry,Joe Wang,200010*电化学动力学,吴浩青,李永舫,电化学动力学,吴浩青,李永舫,1998,高等教育出版社,高等教育出版社11生命科学中的电分析化学,生命科学中的电分析化学,彭图治,杨丽菊彭图治,杨丽菊 编著编著,199912*电极过程动力学导论,电极过程动力学导论,查全性,查全性,1976(1987 2nd Edition)1
7、3 电化学研究方法,电化学研究方法,田昭武,田昭武,198414*电化学测定方法,电化学测定方法,腾岛腾岛 昭昭 等著,等著,陈震等译,陈震等译,199515 电分析化学,电分析化学,蒲国刚,袁倬斌,吴守国编著,蒲国刚,袁倬斌,吴守国编著,1993Series(丛书)(丛书)1.Electroanalytical Chemistry,ed.A.J.Bard2.Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry,eds.J.OM.Bockris,B.E.Conway,et al.,Journals(学术期刊)(学术期刊)Nature,Science,JACS,Angew.Che
8、m.Int.Ed,Anal.Chem.,(May 1,2000),J.Phys.Chem.B.,J.Electroanal.Chem.,Electrochimica Acta,J.Electrochem.Society.,Electroanalysis,Electrochemical and Solid State Letters,J.Applied Electrochemistry,Electrochemistry Communications,J.Solid State ElectrochemistryReviewsAccounts of Chemical ResearchAnalytic
9、al ChemistryAnnual Reviews of Physical ChemistryChemical ReviewsWebsiteshttp:/electrochem.cwru.edu/estir/可在教师可在教师FTP邵元华邵元华电分析化学电分析化学考试的方式:研究生(卷面考试的方式:研究生(卷面80论文报论文报告告本科生卷面本科生卷面100(开卷)(开卷)Chapter One(第一章第一章)Introduction(导言导言)1.1Introduction1.2Scope of Electroanalytical Chemistry1.3Brief History1.4Exa
10、mples1.1 Introduction电分析化学和电化学:电分析化学和电化学:两者没有区别!基本原理两者没有区别!基本原理相同,仅研究的侧重点可能不同。相同,仅研究的侧重点可能不同。电化学池:电化学池:原电池(Galvanic Cell):化学能 电能电解池(Electrolytic Cell):电能 化学能一个简单的电分析化学实验:一个简单的电分析化学实验:组成:工作组成:工作(研究研究)电极电极(W),参比电极参比电极(R),辅助辅助(对对)电极电极(C),电解质溶液,恒电势(位)仪电解质溶液,恒电势(位)仪(potentiostat),PC计算机计算机(接口接口+软件软件)。研究重点
11、研究重点图图1.1 进行电化学实验的基本组成进行电化学实验的基本组成Electroanalytical Chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the interrelation of electrical and chemical effects.A large part of this field deals with the study of chemical changes caused by the passage of an electric current and the production of electric
12、al energy by chemicalreactions.In fact,the field of electrochemistry encompassesa huge array of different phenomena(e.g.,electrophoresisand corrosion),devices(electrochromic displays,electro-analytical sensors,batteries,and fuel cells),and technologies(the electroplating of metals and the large-scal
13、e production of aluminum and chlorine).While the basic principles of electro-chemistry discussed in this text apply to all of these,the main emphasis here is on the application of electrochemical methods to the study of chemical systems.1.2 Scope of Electroanalytical ChemistryScientists make electro
14、chemical measurements on chemical systems for a variety of reasons.They may be interested in obtaining thermodynamic data about a reaction.They may want to generate an unstable intermediate such as a radical ion and study its rate of decay or its spectroscopic properties.They may seek to analyze a s
15、olution for trace amounts of metal ions or organic species.In these examples,electro-chemical methods are employed as tools in the study of chemical systems in just the way that spectroscopic methods are frequently applied.There are also investigations in which the electrochemical properties of the
16、systems themselves are of primary interest,for example,in the design of a new power source or for the electrosynthesis of some product.Many electrochemical methods have been devised.Their application requires an understanding of the fundamental principles of electrode reactions and the electrical pr
17、operties of electrode-solution interfaces.图图1.2 Variables affecting the rate of an electrode reaction1.3 电化学的简史电化学的简史Luigi Galvani(1737-1798):从从1786年开始,进行著名的年开始,进行著名的animal electricity“实验解剖青蛙实验解剖青蛙Alessandro Volta(1745-1827):Humphry Davy(1778-1829):Michael Faraday(1791-1867):Grove:燃料电池燃料电池(1839)Lipp
18、mann:1873Helmholtz:双电层双电层(1879)F.G.Cottrell:Cottrell 公式 1902W.Nernst:Nernst 公式1904Tafel:Tafel 公式1905Gouy,Chapman:1905Stern:1924Heyrovsky,Shikata:Polarograph 1925(1959 Nobel PrizeWinner).J.Butler,M.Volmer:Butler-Volmer 公式1924-1930P.Delahay,Gerischer,Frumkin,Levich,Baker et al:1950s to 1960s 发展了各种理论,研
19、究方法等发展了各种理论,研究方法等R.Marcus:1950s-1960s,Electron Transfer Theory(Nobel Prize Winner,1992)T.Kuwana:1960s,光谱电化学光谱电化学Gavach,Koryta et al:1970s 开始研究液开始研究液/液界面电化学液界面电化学Miller and Murray:1975,化学修饰电极化学修饰电极M.Fleischmann,A.Bewick et al:1970s to 1980s,in situ 光谱、光谱、波谱电化学波谱电化学M.Fleischmann,W.Wightman et al:ultra
20、microelectrodes(UMEs)1970s-1980sA.J.Bard:SECM,1989Sagiv et al:1980s,self-assembled membranesP.Hansma et al:STM-Electrochemistry,1980sLi or Zhang or Wang:?研究方法:研究方法:稳态和暂态技术:稳态和暂态技术:光谱、波谱技术:光谱、波谱技术:表面技术:表面技术:SPMs(Scanning Probe Microscopes)图1.3 (a)General principle of studying a system by application
21、of an excitation(or perturbation)and observation of response.(b)In a spectrophotometric experiment,the excitation is light of different wavelengths(),and the response is the absorbance(A)curve.(c)In an electrochemical(potential step)experiment,the excitation is the application of a potential step,an
22、d the response is the observed i-t curve.应用领域:应用领域:1.化学电源化学电源(电池电池,燃料电池燃料电池):2.电解电镀:电解电镀:3.腐蚀:腐蚀:4.电化学合成:电化学合成:5.电催化:电催化:6.生物电分析化学:生物电分析化学:7.电化学传感器:电化学传感器:Ion-Selective Electrodes8.TAS(micro-total analysis system)9.单细胞和单分子测量单细胞和单分子测量10.?图图1.4 白鼠脑神经递质活体伏安分析白鼠脑神经递质活体伏安分析示意图示意图Polarography(极谱极谱)and Vol
23、tammetry(伏安法伏安法)的区别?的区别?polarographyA classical electroanalytical technique discovered in 1922 by J.Heyrovsky,for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1959.Essentially,it is linear-sweep voltammetry using a dropping-mercury electrode for working electrode and a large mercury pool as
24、 counter electrode.voltammetryAn electrochemical measuring technique used for electrochemical analysis or for the determination of the kinetics and mechanism of electrode reactions.Voltammetry is a family of techniques with the common characteristics that the potential of the working electrode is co
25、ntrolled(typically with a potentiostat)and the current flowing through the electrode is measured.In one of the most common applications of the technique,the potential is scanned linearly in time;this is called the linear-sweep voltammetry,LSV,or LV.Cyclic voltammetry(CV)is a linear-sweep voltammetry
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