管理资讯系统与实务.ppt
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1、管理資訊系統與實務決策支援系統Decision Support Systems授課講師:洪新原博士E-Mail:syhungmis.ccu.edu.tw簡介簡介Introduction to DSSA Brief History of DSSThe concept of Decision Support has evolved from two main areas of The concept of Decision Support has evolved from two main areas of research:research:(1)the(1)the theoretical st
2、udies of organizational decision-makingtheoretical studies of organizational decision-making done at the done at the Carnegie Institute of Technology during the late 1950s and early 60s;Carnegie Institute of Technology during the late 1950s and early 60s;(2)the(2)the technical work on interactive co
3、mputer systemstechnical work on interactive computer systems,mainly carried out,mainly carried out at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the 1960s.(Keen and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the 1960s.(Keen and StabellStabell,1978),1978)bbManagement Decision Systems:Computer-
4、Based Support for Decision Management Decision Systems:Computer-Based Support for Decision MakingMaking(Scott Morton,1971)(Scott Morton,1971)bb“The Design of Man-Machine Decision Systems:An Application to“The Design of Man-Machine Decision Systems:An Application to Portfolio Management”(Portfolio Ma
5、nagement”(GerrityGerrity,1971),1971)bbManagement Information Systems:Conceptual Foundations,Structure,Management Information Systems:Conceptual Foundations,Structure,and Developmentand Development,Chapter 12&13(Davis and Olson,1974),Chapter 12&13(Davis and Olson,1974)A Brief History of DSSbb“Models
6、and Managers:The Concept of a Decision Calculus”(Little,Models and Managers:The Concept of a Decision Calculus”(Little,1975)1975)bbDecision Support Systems:An Organizational PerspectiveDecision Support Systems:An Organizational Perspective(Keen and (Keen and Scott Morton,1978)Scott Morton,1978)bb“Ch
7、ief Executives Define Their Own Data Needs”(Chief Executives Define Their Own Data Needs”(RockertRockert,1979),1979)bbBuilding Effective Decision Support SystemsBuilding Effective Decision Support Systems(Sprague and Carlson,(Sprague and Carlson,1982)1982)bbFoundations of Decision Support SystemsFou
8、ndations of Decision Support Systems(BonczekBonczek,HolsappleHolsapple,and,and WhinstonWhinston,1981),1981)In the middle and late 1980s,Executive Information Systems(In the middle and late 1980s,Executive Information Systems(EISEIS)and)and GDSSGDSS evolved from the single user and model-oriented DSS
9、.Beginning evolved from the single user and model-oriented DSS.Beginning in about 1990,in about 1990,datawarehousingdatawarehousing and On-Line Analytical Processing and On-Line Analytical Processing(OLAPOLAP)began)began broadingbroading the realm of DSS the realm of DSSDisciplines Relevant to DSSbb
10、ComputerScienceComputerScience(Database,Artificial(Database,ArtificialIntelligence,Telecommunication,SoftwareIntelligence,Telecommunication,SoftwareEngineering)Engineering)bbManagementScienceManagementSciencebbOrganizationalBehaviorOrganizationalBehaviorbbCognitiveScienceCognitiveScience(Human-Compu
11、terInteraction)(Human-ComputerInteraction)DSS的緣起bb決策支援系統的緣起主要可以由資訊系統演進的推力及資料分析需求的拉力兩個觀點來觀察。一方面科技的進步,使得運用資訊來支援決策日益可行而且必要,另一方面因決策工作日益複雜多變,需要更精確而深入的分析才能作更有效的決策DSS的定義bb理論定義:DSS為互動式電腦系統,運用資料,模式分析、專家知識及其他資源,透過友善的人機互動,協助個人或團體決策者提昇半結構化決策的績效。bb實務定義:DSS是建構在公司既有資訊系統之上的加值系統,以增加資訊投資的附加價值,提高決策績效。DSS的特性bbDSS應該協助而不
12、取代決策者。bbDSS的目標在提高決策的效果,而不只在提高效率。bbDSS針對半結構化的問題提供支援。bbDSS應支援各不同層次的決策者。bbDSS應支援決策的整個程序。bbDSS應支援不同的決策型態。DSS的特性bbDSS可以支援個人決策,也可以支援群體決策。bbDSS應提供與使用者間友善的互動交談。bbDSS的界面應該易於使用而且有親和力。bbDSS的運作應有良好的彈性及調適性Adaptability)以面對不同的情況及決策的變化。DSS的特性bbDSS的使用過程應由使用者主導整個流程,系統針對使用者的指令提供分析與決策之輔助。bbDSS應有充份之資料、決策模式、及相關之知識與智慧,以提供
13、有效之支援。bbDSS的設計因要配合使用者需求的變化,應以雛型建構的漸進方法設計,而不宜以傳統的系統設計生命週期的方法。DSS的特性bbDSS協助使用者學習成長。決策能力會隨著頻次增加而成長,DSS的設計應能夠協助決策者在決策過程中因考量因素,方案,及過程的增加而成長,部份系統也應有學習能力。bbDSS應提供沙盤推演的狀況分析(What-if)及深入分析決策問題的能力,使決策的考量更為週嚴。WhyDSS?bbBoundedRationality(Simon,1961)HeuristicsHeuristicsSatisfyingSatisfyingbbJudgmentBiases(Tversky
14、andKahneman,1974)A辨識辨識與注意與注意輸入符合字母A感官感官登錄登錄短期記憶體短期記憶體y長期記憶體長期記憶體AlphabetA=1stletterB=C=IjustsawanA.goodgradeisforApple複誦A(刺激的出現與消失)外界環境外界環境摘錄自摘錄自 Klatzky(1975,pp.12)Judgement under uncertainty:Heuristics and biasesJudgement under uncertainty:Heuristics and biasesSource:Source:ScienceScience,Vol Vol.
15、185(1974)1124-1131.185(1974)1124-1131Author:Author:AmosAmos Tversky Tversky and Daniel and Daniel Kahneman KahnemanbbHeuristic 1:Heuristic 1:Representativeness RepresentativenessbbBias 1:Bias 1:Insensitivity to prior probability of outcomesInsensitivity to prior probability of outcomesbbBias 2:Bias
16、2:Insensitivity to sample sizeInsensitivity to sample sizebbBias 3:Bias 3:Misconceptions of chanceMisconceptions of chancebbBias 4:Bias 4:Insensitivity to predictabilityInsensitivity to predictabilitybbBias 5:Bias 5:The illusion of validityThe illusion of validitybbBias 6:Bias 6:Misconceptions of re
17、gressionMisconceptions of regressionbbHeuristic 2:AvailabilityHeuristic 2:AvailabilitybbBias 7:Bias 7:Biases due to theBiases due to the retrievability retrievability of instances of instancesbbBias 8:Bias 8:Biases due to the effectiveness of a search setBiases due to the effectiveness of a search s
18、etbbBias 9:Bias 9:Biases ofBiases of imaginability imaginabilitybbBias 10:Bias 10:Illusory correlationIllusory correlationbbHeuristic 3:Adjustment and anchoringHeuristic 3:Adjustment and anchoringbbBias 11:Bias 11:Insufficient adjustmentInsufficient adjustmentbbBias 12:Bias 12:Biases in the evaluati
19、on of conjunctive and Biases in the evaluation of conjunctive and disjunctive eventsdisjunctive eventsbbBias 13:Bias 13:Anchoring in the assessment of subjectiveAnchoring in the assessment of subjectivebb probability distributionsprobability distributionsDSS的分類bb.技術層次:特用技術層次:特用DSSDSS,DSSDSS母體,母體,DSS
20、DSS工具工具bb.系統導向:資料、模式、知識導向系統導向:資料、模式、知識導向bb.使用頻次:經常性、臨時性使用頻次:經常性、臨時性bb.支援對象:個人、群體、組織支援對象:個人、群體、組織bb.設計屬性:被動、主動;定製、通用設計屬性:被動、主動;定製、通用bb.時間急迫性:及時、非及時時間急迫性:及時、非及時bb.決策領域:行銷、財務,人事,談判等決策領域:行銷、財務,人事,談判等DSS在台灣的應用情形DSS在台灣的應用情形DSS在台灣的應用情形DSS在台灣的應用情形LeadingDSSPeriodicalsbbTherankorderlistedbelowisfoundinAnEmpi
21、ricalAssessmentandCategorizationofJournalsRelevanttoDSSTherankorderlistedbelowisfoundinAnEmpiricalAssessmentandCategorizationofJournalsRelevanttoDSSResearch,DecisionSupportSystems,14,No.3,1995.Basedonastudyofover7,500citationsinrecentlypublishedResearch,DecisionSupportSystems,14,No.3,1995.Basedonast
22、udyofover7,500citationsinrecentlypublishedDSSarticles,itidentifiesjournalsthathavehadthemostinfluenceontheDSSfield.DSSarticles,itidentifiesjournalsthathavehadthemostinfluenceontheDSSfield.bb 1.DecisionSupportSystems1.DecisionSupportSystemsbb2.ManagementScience2.ManagementSciencebb3.Communicationsoft
23、heACM3.CommunicationsoftheACMbb4.MISQuarterly4.MISQuarterlybb5.ArtificialIntelligence5.ArtificialIntelligencebb6.OperationsResearch6.OperationsResearchbb7.DecisionSciences7.DecisionSciencesbb8.IEEETransactionsonSystems,Man,andCybernetics8.IEEETransactionsonSystems,Man,andCyberneticsbb9.JournalofMana
24、gementInformationSystems9.JournalofManagementInformationSystemsbb10.EuropeanJournalofOperationalResearch10.EuropeanJournalofOperationalResearchbb11.IEEETransactionsonSoftwareEngineering11.IEEETransactionsonSoftwareEngineeringbb12.IEEEComputer(tie)12.IEEEComputer(tie)bb13.Interfaces(tiewithIEEEComput
25、er)13.Interfaces(tiewithIEEEComputer)bb14.InternationalJournalofMan-MachineStudies14.InternationalJournalofMan-MachineStudiesbb15.DATABASE(tie)15.DATABASE(tie)bb16.HarvardBusinessReview(tiewithDATABASE)16.HarvardBusinessReview(tiewithDATABASE)bb17.JournaloftheACM17.JournaloftheACMbb18.ACMTransaction
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