2022版高考英语一轮复习（课标3卷B版）课件：专题十　主旨大意.ppt

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1、Passage1(2018课标全国,B)词数:324Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfr

2、om800peopleto8million.Butnotallcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Boomtownsgrowfromnothingalmostovernight.In1896,Dawson,Canada,wasunmappedwilderness(荒野).Butgoldwasdiscoveredtherein1897,andtwoyearslater,itwasoneofthelargestcitiesintheWest,withapopulationof30,000.Dawsondidnothaveanyofthenaturalc

3、onveniencesofcitieslikeLondonorParis.Peoplewent五年高考A A组组 统一命题统一命题课标卷题组课标卷题组thereforgold.Theytravelledoversnow-coveredmountainsandsailedhundredsofmilesupicyrivers.ThepathtoDawsonwascoveredwiththirtyfeetofwetsnowthatcouldfallwithoutwarn-ing.Anavalanche(雪崩)onceclosedthepath,killing63people.Formanywhoma

4、deittoDawson,however,therewardswereworththedifficulttrip.Ofthefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.Butnomatterhowrichtheywere,Dawsonwasnevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.Butsoon,thegoldthatDawsondependedonhadallbeenf

5、ound.Thecitywascrowdedwithdisappointedpeoplewithnointerestinsettlingdown,andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.Today,peoplestillcomeandgotoseewheretheCanadiangoldrushhappened.TourismisnowthechiefindustryofDawsonCityitspresentpopulationis762.1.Wh

6、atattractedtheearlysettlerstoNewYorkCity?A.Itsbusinessculture.B.Itssmallpopulation.C.Itsgeographicalposition.D.Itsfavourableclimate.2.WhatdoweknowaboutthosewhofirstdugforgoldinDawson?A.Two-thirdsofthemstayedthere.B.Oneoutoffivepeoplegotrich.C.Almosteveryonegaveup.D.Halfofthemdied.3.Whatwasthemainrea

7、sonformanypeopletoleaveDawson?A.Theyfoundthecitytoocrowded.B.Theywantedtotrytheirluckelsewhere.C.Theywereunabletostandthewinter.D.Theywereshortoffood.4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Theriseandfallofacity.B.ThegoldrushinCanada.C.Journeysintothewilderness.D.TourisminDawson.答案答案语篇解读本文是一篇说明文,题材为城市环境类。城市的兴起

8、壮大,城市的兴起又衰落,这背后的原因是什么呢?本文以纽约和道森两个城市为例,给出了隐藏在背后的真正推手。1.C推理判断题。题干句意:是什么吸引那些早期定居者来到纽约市的呢?根据第一段第三句话(例如纽约市,它在哈得孙河入海口的一个大港口附近。)并结合第四句可知,这个优越的地理位置使得纽约市的人口在300年的时间里从800增长到800万。所以答案为C项:它的地理位置。A项:它的贸易文化。B项:它的稀少的人口。D项:它的宜人气候。这三项原文均未提及。2.B细节理解题。题干句意:对那些第一批到达道森市淘金的人我们了解到了什么?根据第二段倒数第二句话(在第一批淘金的20,000人中,有4,000人富了起

9、来。)可知有五分之一的人富了起来,故B项正确。3.B推理判断题。题干句意:很多人离开道森的主要原因是什么?根据第三段第四句话第一个逗号后的部分(当他们听说在阿拉斯加州发现了新的金矿后,他们就像当初匆忙来道森市一样,又匆忙离开了这里)可推断出这些人匆匆忙忙离开这里去阿拉斯加州淘金去了,又去碰运气看能不能变富。B项“他们想去别的地方碰运气。”与原文意思相符。A项:他们觉得这个城市太拥挤了。C项:他们无法忍受这里的冬天。D项:他们缺少食物。这三项与原文不符。4.A主旨大意题。文章第一段第一句话提出观点:一个城市之所以矗立在那里是有充分的原因的。后文以两个城市为例来论证这个观点。纽约市的兴起是因为它优

10、越的地理位置。道森市的兴起是因为这里发现了金矿,而这座城市的衰落是因为这里没有了金矿。由此可知本文主要描述了一个城市的兴起和衰落及其背后的原因。这与A项相符。B项:加拿大的淘金热。C项:踏进荒野的旅程。D项:道森的旅游业。这三项都不是主题。难句分析难句分析原句:Thecitywascrowdedwithdisappointedpeoplewithnointerestinsettlingdown,andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.分析:第一个逗号

11、后的并列连词and连接前后两个并列分句。第一个分句是一个简单句,with短语作定语修饰people。第二个分句中,when引导的是时间状语从句,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome是句子的主句,as.as引导比较状语从句。译文:这个城市里挤满了失望的人群,他们对定居下来没有一点儿兴趣。当他们听说在阿拉斯加州发现了新的金矿后,他们就像当初匆忙来到道森市一样又匆忙离开了这里。重点词汇重点词汇settlein安顿下来graduallyadv.逐渐地;慢慢地conveniencen.便利的事物(或设施)makeitto成功到达词汇积累词汇积累harbourn

12、.港口overnightadv.突然;一夜之间Passage2(2018课标全国,B)词数:276GoodMorningBritainsSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestroleshowingfamilieshowtopreparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofch

13、efMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder5perfamilyaday.AndtheGoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshesbeenabletoputalotofwhatsheslearntintopracticeinherownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,14,Finn,13,andJack,11.“WeloveMexicanchurros,soIbuythemonmyphonefrommylocalMexicant

14、akeawayrestau-rant,”sheexplains.“Ipay5foraportion(一份),butMattmakesthemfor26paportion,be-causetheyareflour,water,sugarandoil.Everybodycanbuytakeawayfood,butsometimeswerenotawarehowcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves.”Theeight-partseries(系列节目),SaveMoney:GoodFood,followsinthefootstepsofITVsSaveMoney:Good

15、Health,whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.Withfoodourbiggestweeklyhouseholdexpense,SusannaandMattspendtimewithadifferentfamilyeachweek.IntonightsEasterspecialtheycometotheaidofafamilyinneedofsomede-liciousinspirationonabudget.Theteamtransformsthefamilysl

16、ongweekendofcelebrationwithlessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes.1.WhatdoweknowaboutSusannaReid?A.Sheenjoysembarrassingherguests.B.Shehasstartedanewprogramme.C.Shedislikesworkingearlyinthemorning.D.Shehashadatightbudgetforherfamily.2.HowdoesMattTebbutthelpSusanna?A.Hebuyscookingmaterialsforher.B.Heprepa

17、resfoodforherkids.C.Heassistsherincookingmatters.D.Heinvitesguestfamiliesforher.3.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodoinparagraph4?A.Summarizethepreviousparagraphs.B.Providesomeadviceforthereaders.C.Addsomebackgroundinformation.D.Introduceanewtopicfordiscussion.4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.KeepingFi

18、tbyEatingSmartB.BalancingOurDailyDietC.MakingYourselfaPerfectChefD.CookingWellforLess答案答案语篇解读本文介绍了英国节目主持人SusannaReid创办的一档新节目SaveMoney:GoodFood的相关情况。1.B细节理解题。根据第一段的butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole可知,她创办了一档新节目,故选B项。2.C推理判断题。根据第二段第一句话(在节目SaveMoney:GoodFood中,她每周拜访一个不同的家庭,并且在厨师MattTebbutt的帮助下在准备每个家

19、庭每天低于5英镑的食谱时提供如何减少食物浪费的很好的建议)可知,MattTebbutt在做饭方面帮助了Susanna,故选C项。3.C推理判断题。文章前三段主要介绍了新节目SaveMoney:GoodFood的相关情况,而第四段介绍了它和节目SaveMoney:GoodHealth的关系。由此推断本段主要补充这一节目的背景知识,故选C项。4.D主旨大意题。通读全文可知,文章介绍了英国节目主持人SusannaReid通过创办新节目SaveMoney:GoodFood教给观众如何花更少的钱制作更美味的食物。故选D项。难句分析难句分析原句:Theeight-partseries,SaveMoney:

20、GoodFood,followsinthefootstepsofITVsSaveMoney:GoodHealth,whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthprod-uctsonthemarket.分析:本句的主干为Theeight-partseriesfollowsinthefootstepsofITVsSaveMoney:GoodHealth。句中SaveMoney:GoodFood为同位语,which引导定语从句,先行词为SaveMoney:GoodHealth,which在从句中作主语;另外,在定语从句中h

21、owtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket作介词on的宾语。译文:由八部分组成的系列节目SaveMoney:GoodFood仿效ITV的节目SaveMoney:GoodHealth,它给观众提供了如何从市场上各种各样的健康产品中获得价值的建议。Passage3(2018课标全国,C)词数:312Teensandyoungerchildrenarereadingalotlessforfun,accordingtoaCommonSenseMediare-portpublishedMonday.Whilethedeclineover

22、thepastdecadeissteepforteenreaders,somedatainthereportshowsthatreadingremainsabigpartofmanychildrenslives,andindicateshowparentsmighthelpencour-agemorereading.Accordingtothereportskeyfindings,“theproportion(比例)whosaytheyhardlyeverreadforfunhasgonefrom8percentof13-year-oldsand9percentof17-year-oldsin

23、1984to22per-centand27percentrespectivelytoday.”Thereportdatashowsthatpleasurereadinglevelsforyoungerchildren,ages28,remainlargelythesame.Buttheamountoftimespentinreadingeachsessionhasdeclined,fromclosertoanhourormoretoclosertoahalfhourpersession.Whenitcomestotechnologyandreading,thereportdoeslittlet

24、ocounsel(建议)parentslookingfordataabouttheeffectofe-readersandtabletsonreading.Itdoespointoutthatmanyparentsstilllimitelectronicreading,mainlyduetoconcernsaboutincreasedscreentime.Themosthopefuldatasharedinthereportshowsclearevidenceofparentsservingasexamplesandimportantguidesfortheirkidswhenitcomest

25、oreading.Datashowsthatkidsandteenswhodoreadfrequently,comparedtoinfrequentreaders,havemorebooksinthehome,morebookspurchasedforthem,parentswhoreadmoreoften,andparentswhosetasidetimeforthemtoread.Astheendofschoolapproaches,andschoolvacationreadinglistsloom(逼近)ahead,parentsmighttakethischancetostepinan

26、dmaketheirownsummerreadinglistandplanafamilytriptothelibraryorbookstore.1.WhatistheCommonSenseMediareportprobablyabout?A.Childrensreadinghabits.B.Qualityofchildrensbooks.C.Childrensafter-classactivities.D.Parent-childrelationships.2.Wherecanyoufindthedatathatbestsupports“childrenarereadingalotlessfo

27、rfun”?A.Inparagraph2.B.Inparagraph3.C.Inparagraph4.D.Inparagraph5.3.Whydomanyparentslimitelectronicreading?A.E-booksareofpoorquality.B.Itcouldbeawasteoftime.C.Itmayharmchildrenshealth.D.E-readersareexpensive.4.Howshouldparentsencouragetheirchildrentoreadmore?A.Actasrolemodelsforthem.B.Askthemtowrite

28、bookreports.C.Setupreadinggroupsforthem.D.Talkwiththeirreadingclassteachers.答案答案语篇解读本文为说明文。根据“常识媒体”所做的一项调查可知,与过去相比,十几岁的孩子们进行趣味阅读的量越来越少。1.A主旨大意题。本题题干意为:“常识媒体”所做的这个报告可能是关于什么的?本文为说明文,第一段为本文的主旨段。根据第一段(根据周一出版的“常识媒体”的一个报告,十几岁的孩子和更小的孩子进行趣味阅读的量少多了。)可知该报告主要讲的是孩子们的阅读习惯的变化,故答案为A项。B项(儿童图书的质量)、C项(孩子们的课外活动)和D项(父母

29、与孩子间的关系)均不是该报告的内容,故全被排除。2.B细节理解题。本题题干意为:你在哪里可以找到最能支撑“孩子们进行趣味阅读的量越来越少”这一说法的数据?本文第一段提出了本文主题,即孩子们进行趣味阅读的量越来越少。然后在第三段通过数据(.hasgonefrom8percentof13-year-oldsand9percentof17-year-oldsin1984to22percentand27percentrespectivelytoday.)来支撑这一说法,故答案为B项。3.C细节理解题。本题题干意为:为什么许多家长限制电子阅读?根据第五段最后一句(许多家长仍然限制电子阅读,主要是因为他们

30、担心那会增加孩子面对屏幕的时间。)可知家长限制电子阅读的原因是担心孩子们的健康,故答案为C项。A:电子图书质量差;B:那可能会浪费时间;D:电子阅读器很昂贵。以上三项均未被提及,故全部排除。4.A细节理解题。本题题干意为:家长应该如何鼓励他们的孩子多阅读?根据第六段第一句(报告中分享的最给人以希望的数据清楚地证明了家长给孩子们做出榜样并在阅读上进行重要的指导。)可知答案为A项(为他们树立榜样)。B:要求他们写读书报告;C:为他们建立读书小组;D:和他们的阅读老师谈话。以上三项均未被提及,故全部排除。难句分析难句分析原句:Accordingtothereportskeyfindings,“the

31、proportionwhosaytheyhardlyeverreadforfunhasgonefrom8percentof13-year-oldsand9percentof17-year-oldsin1984to22per-centand27percentrespectivelytoday.”分析:本句的主干为:theproportionhasgonefrom8percentof13-year-oldsand9percentof17-year-oldsin1984to22percentand27percentrespectivelytoday。whosaytheyhardlyeverreadf

32、orfun为定语从句,先行词为theproportion。译文:根据该报告的重要发现:1984年13岁的孩子中说自己几乎不为乐趣而读书的比例为8%,17岁的孩子的比例为9%,而现在它们的比例分别增长到22%和27%。重点词汇重点词汇commonsense常识declinen.削减datan.数据词汇积累词汇积累respectivelyadv.分别,各自sessionn.学年Passage4(2018课标全国,D)词数:360Weveallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus

33、,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.Whatstheproblem?Itspossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.Itsmorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseitsawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkitsannoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamon

34、gstrangers,considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.Expertssayitsaninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigben-efits.Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecantforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldntevenexistifitwerentforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease(润滑剂)forsocialcommu-nication,saysBernardoC

35、arducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast.“Almosteverygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,”heexplains.“Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustcom-municatewiththem.”Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsycholog

36、yatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirwayintoacoffeeshop.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction(互动)withitswaiter;theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience.“Itsnotthattalkingtothewaiterisbettertha

37、ntalkingtoyourhusband,”saysDunn.“Butinteractionswithpe-ripheral(边缘的)membersofoursocialnetworkmatterforourwell-beingalso.”Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelong-ing,abondwithothers.Carduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk.“Smalltal

38、kisthebasisofgoodmanners,”hesays.1.Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?A.Addictiontosmartphones.B.Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.C.Absenceofcommunicationbetweenstrangers.D.Impatiencewithslowservice.2.WhatisimportantforsuccessfulsmalltalkaccordingtoCarducci?A.Showinggoodmanners.B.Rela

39、tingtootherpeople.C.Focusingonatopic.D.Makingbusinessdeals.3.Whatdoesthecoffee-shopstudysuggestaboutsmalltalk?A.Itimprovesfamilyrelationships.B.Itraisespeoplesconfidence.C.Itmattersasmuchasaformaltalk.D.Itmakespeoplefeelgood.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ConversationCountsB.WaysofMakingSmallTalkC

40、.BenefitsofSmallTalkD.UncomfortableSilence答案答案语篇解读本文为说明文。介绍了“smalltalk(闲聊)”的重要性及其意义。1.C细节理解题。题干句意:第一段描述的是什么现象?根据第一段描述(无论我们身在何处,在电梯里、在银行排队或者在飞机上,我们周围的人或是像我们一样在埋头看智能手机,或是更坏,在和令人不安的沉默做斗争)可知,C项“陌生人之间缺乏交流”和首段描述一致,故答案为C项。A项“手机控”只是该段描述现象时举的例子;B项“公共场合的不恰当行为”与首段意思不符;D项“对缓慢的服务缺乏耐心”和第一段的描述无关。2.B细节理解题。题干句意:根据Ca

41、rducci的说法,对于成功的闲聊来说什么是重要的?根据第三段最后一句(成功的闲聊的关键是学会如何同他人建立联系而不仅仅是同他们交流)可知,B项“能够理解并认同他人”符合题意,故答案为B项。本题干扰项为A“显示良好的行为举止”,错因在于锁定的句子“最后一段最后一句(闲聊是良好举止的基础)”和题干要求不一致,答非所问;D项“做生意”受第三段第三句(几乎每一个伟大的爱情故事和每一单大的生意都源于闲聊)的影响,犯了逻辑推理错误;C项“聚焦一个话题”在文中没有涉及。3.D推理判断题。题干句意:关于闲聊,咖啡店调研表明了什么?根据第四段中的内容(结果表明那些同服务生闲聊的人明显有更高的积极情感和较好的咖

42、啡店体验。不是同服务生交谈比和你的丈夫交谈更好,而是同社交网络的边缘人员的互动也对我们的健康和幸福很重要)可知,D项“它使得人们感觉良好”与题意相符,故答案为D项。A项“它改善家庭关系”、B项“它提升人们的自信”和C项“它和正式交谈一样重要”在文章中没有涉及,属于主观臆断。4.C主旨大意题。题干句意:文章最好的标题是什么?根据第二段最后一句(专家说闲聊是一种可带来巨大益处的极有价值的社交行为)以及最后一段最后一句(闲聊是良好举止的基础)可知,C项“闲聊的益处”与题干要求一致,故答案为C项。A项“会话很重要”为干扰项,错在偷换概念,conversation(会话,交谈)和smalltalk(闲谈

43、)不是一个概念;文章没有就闲聊的方式或方法做具体的解释,故排除B项“进行闲聊的方式”;D项“令人不安的沉默”只是第一段提到的现象之一,而不是文章的主旨。难句分析难句分析原句:Itsmorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseitsawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkitsannoyingandunnecessary.分析:it为形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的主语从句;在主语从句中because引导原因状语从句,并列连词or连接两个并列的分句。译文:更可能的是我们中没有一个人开始交谈,因为这样做是令人尴尬的和富有挑

44、战性的,或者我们认为这样做是令人讨厌的,并且没有必要。重点词汇重点词汇intelligencen.智力,智慧,聪明awkwardadj.笨拙的,令人尴尬的invaluableadj.极有价值的psychologyn.心理学,心理significantlyadv.显著地;大大地词汇积累词汇积累seekout找出,找到well-beingn.健康,幸福bondn.纽带,关系Passage5(2017课标全国,D)词数:324TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelabora

45、torynamed“DriveLAB”inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare.Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwell-beingamongolderpeople,leadingtothembecomingmoreisolated(隔绝)andinactive.LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamar

46、edevelopingin-vehicletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.Theseincludecustom-madenavigation(导航)tools,nightvisionsystemsandintelligentspeedadaptations.PhilBlytheexplains:“Formanyolderpeople,particularlythoselivingaloneorinthecountry,drivingisimportantfor

47、preservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyonothers.”“Butweallhavetoacceptthataswegetolderourreactionsslowdownandthisoftenresultsinpeopleavoidinganypotentiallychallengingdrivingconditionsandlosingconfidenceintheirdriv-ingskills.Theresultisthatpeoplestopdriving

48、beforetheyreallyneedto.”DrAmyGuo,theleadingresearcherontheolderdriverstudy,explains:“TheDriveLABishelp-ingustounderstandwhatthekeystresspointsanddifficultiesareforolderdriversandhowwemightusetechnologytoaddresstheseproblems.”“Forexample,mostofuswouldexpectolderdriversalwaysgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebu

49、tsurprisingly,wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspeedandsoweremorelikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.Werelookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirspeedasawayofpreventingthat.”“Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(解决方案)toensurethatolderdriversst

50、aysaferbehindthewheel.”1.WhatisthepurposeoftheDriveLAB?A.Toexplorenewmeansoftransport.B.Todesignnewtypesofcars.C.Tofindoutolderdriversproblems.D.Toteachpeopletrafficrules.2.WhyisdrivingimportantforolderpeopleaccordingtoPhilBlythe?A.Itkeepsthemindependent.B.Ithelpsthemsavetime.C.Itbuildsuptheirstreng