阅读理解技巧.pptx

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1、高考复习高考复习 一、考试大纲对学生阅读能力的要求一、考试大纲对学生阅读能力的要求1、能把握阅读材料的主要线索、时间和空间顺序。、能把握阅读材料的主要线索、时间和空间顺序。2、掌握阅读材料的、掌握阅读材料的主旨和大意主旨和大意，以及用以说明，以及用以说明主旨和大意的主旨和大意的事实和细节事实和细节。3、理解文中具体信息：既能理解、理解文中具体信息：既能理解具体事实具体事实，也能理解也能理解抽象概念抽象概念。4、根据材料所提供的信息通过上下文、根据材料所提供的信息通过上下文推断生词推断生词的词义。的词义。5、能够根据材料所提供的信息，根据学生应有、能够根据材料所提供的信息，根据学生应有的知识正确

2、做出的知识正确做出简单推理和判断简单推理和判断。6、理解文章、理解文章基本结构基本结构，能够理解某句、某段的，能够理解某句、某段的含义，并能把握含义，并能把握全篇的文脉全篇的文脉，并以此进行推理和，并以此进行推理和判断。判断。7、既要理解、既要理解字面的意义字面的意义，也要理解，也要理解深层次含义深层次含义，也就是也就是理解作者的意图和态度理解作者的意图和态度。二。二。英语新课程标准英语新课程标准中阅读能力的六个指标中阅读能力的六个指标1、能理解阅读材料中不同的观点和态度。、能理解阅读材料中不同的观点和态度。2、能识别不同文体的特征。、能识别不同文体的特征。3、能通过分析句子结构理解难句和长句

3、。、能通过分析句子结构理解难句和长句。4、能在教师帮助下欣赏浅显的文学作品。、能在教师帮助下欣赏浅显的文学作品。5、能根据学习任务的需要从电子读物和网络中获取信、能根据学习任务的需要从电子读物和网络中获取信息并进行加工处理。息并进行加工处理。6、除教材外，课外阅读量累计应达到、除教材外，课外阅读量累计应达到36万个词汇以上。万个词汇以上。规律方法规律方法:在分清文体的基础上在分清文体的基础上 议论文议论文:找主题句找主题句(文章的开头文章的开头/中间中间/结尾结尾)说明文说明文:说明什么道理说明什么道理/原理原理/事由事由 夹叙夹议文夹叙夹议文:通过叙述说明什么人生哲理通过叙述说明什么人生哲理

4、小技巧小技巧：选择概括性选择概括性/哲理性的答案，哲理性的答案，不选择细节性的信息；不选择细节性的信息；选择与主题句意思最接近的选项。选择与主题句意思最接近的选项。阅读理解的答理解的答题步步骤及注意事及注意事项 1.先先看看问题，再再读文文章章：带着着问题阅读短短文文，确确定定主主攻攻方方向向，特特别要要注注意意首首尾尾段段和和首首尾尾句句，把把握握文文章章的的主主题和和脉脉胳胳，摘摘取取有有用用的的材材料料，舍弃无关的信息，有的放矢，高效省舍弃无关的信息，有的放矢，高效省时。2.细读全全文文，认真真推推敲敲：针对测试题的的要要求求，细心心阅读与与问题有有关关的的词汇、句句子子或或段段落落，要

5、要特特别留留心心一一些些关关键信信息息词，它它们既既是是测试的的重重点点，又又是是把把握握全全文文意意思思的的突突破破口口，因因此此，必必须准准确确判判断断，仔仔细斟酌，以便斟酌，以便选出最佳答案。出最佳答案。3.复复读全全文文，验证答答案案：在在选出出全全部部答答案案后后，应将将答答案案带入入问题中中重重读全全文文，看看前前后后意意思思是是否否贯通通，有有无无矛矛盾盾，若若前前后后不不一一致致或或意意思思矛盾，矛盾，则要考要考虑重重选答案。答案。注意事注意事项：1.所所选有有据据，避避免免主主观：阅读他他人人之之作作，理理解解他他人人之之意意，必必须以以作作者者的的思思维模模式式为准准绳，以

6、以原原文文提提供供的的事事实、细节和和逻辑关关系系为自自己己思思维活活动的基准点，切忌把自己的的基准点，切忌把自己的观点和看法与原文或作者的观点点和看法与原文或作者的观点 和和看看法法混混为一一谈，自自以以为是是。文文章章中中的的数数字字、日日期期、时间、表表限限量量的的词或或短短语等等都都是是设题的的重重点点，若若只只注注意意明明显的的内内容容，正正好好走走进了了它它的的陷陷阱阱；若若不不注注意意虚虚的的内内容容，想想当当然然答答题也也必必错无无疑疑。因因此此，必必须学会学会“虚虚实结合合”。2.符符合合原原文文的的答答案案=正正确确答答案案最最佳佳答答案案。阅读题要要求求选的的是是最最佳佳

7、答答案案，有有的的答答案案从从某某个个枝枝节来来看看是是对的的，但但从从全全文文来来看看则不不是是最最佳佳的的，因此，必因此，必须通通盘考考虑，取主要，舍枝，取主要，舍枝节。3.解解题有有法法，但但无无定定法法，贵在在得得法法。要要答答好好阅读理理解解题，必必须多多读、巧巧读和和善善思思，要要不不断断扩大大词汇量量，拓拓宽宽阅阅读读面面，提提高高阅阅读读速速度度。同同时时也也要要探探索索和和总总结结适适合合自自己己的的学学习习方方法法或或技技巧巧。实实践践出出真真知知，多多练出效益出效益.能力能力思维思维方法方法.主旨大意题：主旨大意题：这类 试题要求对文章的整体或局部（如段落）进行分析、概括

8、，归纳相关部分的中心大意(Main idea)，选择标题（title），判断作者的写作目的（purpose）等，旨在考查考生加工与浓缩信息的能力加工与浓缩信息的能力。这一项考查的是文章的灵魂与中心。记叙文、议论文常考文章的主旨大意。一般主旨大意常出现在文章的开头，有时也出现在结尾。当然更重要的是从全文去把握。常见问题形式有：常见问题形式有：(1)The subject/topic of the article is(2)Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?(3)What does the pass

9、age/author mainly discuss?(4)Whats the main point/main idea/central thought of the passage?(5)Which of the following is the best title of the passage?一开门见山一开门见山,提出主题,随之用细节来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想.最常见的演绎法写作方式.Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious.The world population is rising

10、,so quickly that the world has become too crowded.We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals.If we continue to do this,human life on earth will not survive.分清分清main idea 和和 supporting sentences二，首尾呼应二，首尾呼应 为突出主题,作者

11、先提出主题,结尾时再次点出主题,这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见.但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复,后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。(首段）Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes,“It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career.“she said（尾段）“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bi

12、tten by snakes.Shu said.三，先表述细节三，先表述细节,后归纳要点后归纳要点,印象,结论建议或结果,以概括主题.这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式 A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate,compared with that of a wild animal,but it is actually surprisingly strong.In deed,its very softness and looseness is an advantage;it makes man good at moving about

13、 movement of all living things of his own size,because he can do so many different things with his limbs.Mans games show how he can control his own body.No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man;more has such varied grace;very few lives as long as he;none is so strong in its natural resis

14、tance to disease.Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him.分清细节和结论分清细节和结论四无主题句四无主题句 即主题句隐含在全文中,没有明确的主题句.必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of P

15、aris and decided to leave his graduation.He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors.Harvard Law School and,later,Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background.He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami,Florida.Q:What is the main idea of the passage?A.How

16、 Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.B.Bingham is a diligent student.C.Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.D.A good lawyer needs good education.【解题思路】此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即

17、作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是 3、事实细节题、事实细节题:主要考查学生 对阅读材料中的 某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力,问题主要包括询问人(who)、物(what)、时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(cause)、结果(effect)、文中的数据(data)等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考具体细节。常见问题形式有常见问题形式有1.三正一误三正一误(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)或三误一正三误一正(三项错误，只有一项符合原文容)：Which of the following is true/false except?Whic

18、h of the following is mentioned except2.定义定义3.年代与数字年代与数字4.比较比较5.原因和结果原因和结果细节理解应注意的问题：细节理解应注意的问题：1）对应性）对应性：2）准确性）准确性 3）区分性：）区分性：正确答案应与文中的细节一一对应正确答案应与文中的细节一一对应 此类题更多地倾向于将题目中的信息与原文有此类题更多地倾向于将题目中的信息与原文有关细节信息进行语义上的转换，在转换过程中，关细节信息进行语义上的转换，在转换过程中，做题时易犯的错误是未注意到转换的准确性，做题时易犯的错误是未注意到转换的准确性，常常将细节信息中的范围、程度、语义色彩等

19、常常将细节信息中的范围、程度、语义色彩等改变，从而导致错误。改变，从而导致错误。有时命题人会故意利用一些貌合神离的手段，比有时命题人会故意利用一些貌合神离的手段，比如给出与原文中一模一样的字眼来迷惑考生，让考如给出与原文中一模一样的字眼来迷惑考生，让考生不加思索地选定答案，而实际上选项中的字眼与生不加思索地选定答案，而实际上选项中的字眼与文中的相同字眼压根就不是对应同一事情文中的相同字眼压根就不是对应同一事情 Paani Laupepa,a Tuvaluan government official,reported to the Earth Policy Institute that the

20、nation suffered an unusaually high number of fierce storms in the past ten years.Many scientists connect higher surface water temperatures resulting from global warming to greater and more damaging storms.55According to scientists,the DIRECT cause of more and fiercer storms is .Agreenhouse gas emiss

21、ions in industrialized nationsBhigher surface water temperatures of the sea Ccontinuous global warmingDrising sea levels56Laupepa was not satisfied with the United States because it did not .A agree to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions Bsign an agreement with Tuvalu(故原文中一模一样的字眼来迷惑考生意故原文中一模一样的字眼来迷惑

22、考生意)Callow Tuvaluans to move to the US D.believe the problems facing Tuvalu were real Laupepa expressed dissatisfaction with the United States for refusing to sign the Kyoto Protocol,an international agreement calling for industrialized nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions（导致温室效应的气体排放）,w

23、hich are a main cause of global warming.“By refusing to sign the agreement,the US has effectively taken away the freedom of future generations of Tuvaluans to live there,”Laupepa told the BBC.推理判断题推理判断题：要求考生在理解原文直接陈述观点的基础上领悟作者的言外之意，进行符合逻辑的推理，得出符合作者意愿的结论。即要求考生根据文章提供的线索和事实进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到过的事实或某事发生的可能性，将

24、间接论据连贯起来，得出一个合理合理（指准确地从原文中推理，而不是读者主观认（指准确地从原文中推理，而不是读者主观认为的合理）为的合理）的结论。常见问题形式有常见问题形式有(1)It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that(2)The passage suggests/implies that(3)The author may probably agree with/support(4)By the first sentence of the second paragraph,the author means 规律方法规律方法 推断就是从已

25、知的事件中推测推断就是从已知的事件中推测未知未知事件事件（指文（指文章或作者没有直接说明但暗示出来或根据作者提章或作者没有直接说明但暗示出来或根据作者提供的信息可能引出的必然结论）供的信息可能引出的必然结论），所以这类题目，所以这类题目找不到直接答案，只可以找出供推论的依据。找不到直接答案，只可以找出供推论的依据。(5)The author seems to be in favor of/be against(6)The authors purpose of writing this passage is 小技巧：不选择照抄原文的选项，要选择要有小技巧：不选择照抄原文的选项，要选择要有 同义词

26、解释的选项。同义词解释的选项。1)不选事实细节选项不选事实细节选项 2)不选非事实选项不选非事实选项 3)选概括性选概括性/哲理性的选项哲理性的选项原文原文:Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards,that is to say,of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats.It is said th

27、at the Englishman objects to this type of existence,but if the case is such,he does in fact differ from the inhabitants of most countries of the world today.例：例：We can infer from the passage that _.A.English people,like most people in other countries,dislike living in flats.B.People in most countrie

28、s of the world today are not opposed to living in flatsC.People in Britain are forced to move into high blocks of flatsD.Modern flats still fail to provide the necessary facilities for living.B【例题例题】When the young waitress near my house started saying hello to me every day,I was very happy.She was a

29、t least fifteen years younger than I.One day she signed me to come near.When I walked over,she asked,“Are you single?“Why,yes.I answered,smiling at her happily.“So is my mother.she said,“Would you like to meet her?1.The writer talked about the waitress age because he thought_.A.she was young B.it a

30、pleasure to make friends with herC.she was beautiful D.it strange for her to fall in love with him2.The waitress said hello to the writer every day because_.A.she lived near his house B.he often went to visit her motherC.she wanted to be friendly with him D.she loved him very much【解析】这是两道推测原因的题目。女服务

31、员每天向作者示好，作者产生误解，以为女孩对他有意。考虑到他们年龄相差悬殊，作者认为女孩爱上他有点奇怪。故第1题答案是 D。女孩问作者是否单身，并提到她母亲也是单身，并邀请他与她母亲见面，可见，女孩每天向他问好，目的是想取得他的好感，进而搓和他和她母亲。第2题答案是 C。猜测词义题：猜测词义题：单词的猜测能力是阅读理解单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，历年高考都把这一项能力的主要组成部分，历年高考都把这一项作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题，作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题，考查对文中关键词语（实词、短语、指代关考查对文中关键词语（实词、短语、指代关系等）的理解。而且，系等）

32、的理解。而且，所考查的词或短语的所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。断。常见问题形式有常见问题形式有(1)The word“”in Line means/can be best replaced by(2)As used in the passage,the phrase“”suggests(3)From the passage,we can infer that the word/phrase “”is/refers to(4)The word“”is closest in meaning to 规律方法规律方法 在通读过程碰到生

33、词时不要着急，耐心地读下去，在通读过程碰到生词时不要着急，耐心地读下去，文章会帮助你猜出生词词义。此外，我们也可以通过文章会帮助你猜出生词词义。此外，我们也可以通过构词法构词法知识分析生词词义，或通过知识分析生词词义，或通过上下文上下文猜测，尤其猜测，尤其是本句话以及前后两句话，给生词假设意思，看是否是本句话以及前后两句话，给生词假设意思，看是否读的通。还可以联想，即回想已知词汇中是否存在拼读的通。还可以联想，即回想已知词汇中是否存在拼写方法与该生词类似的词。写方法与该生词类似的词。小技巧：用构词法和上下文来推测词义，小技巧：用构词法和上下文来推测词义，看到划线的词就要注意前面的内容。看到划线

34、的词就要注意前面的内容。例：例：1.Social mobility is the movement from one class or level of living to another.2.The other questioned the veracity the truthfulnessof these reports.3.He is a resolute man,once he sets up a goal,he will not give it up easily.4.Fred Michel is one of the 7.2 million Americans who moonli

35、ght,or hold more than one job.If you are a recent social graduate who has had to listen about unemployment from your computer major classmates,you may have had the last laugh.There are many advantages for the social science major because this high-tech“Information Age”demands people who are flexible

36、 and who have good communication skills.Q:By saying that“You may have had the last laugh,”the author means that you may have _.A.shared the jokes with computer majors B.earned as much as computer majors C.found jobs more easily than computer majors.D.stopped joking about computer majors Gossip is a

37、way for people to let you know the limits of social behavior.“If you move into a community and your neighbor tells you how the former homeowner never dealt with his rubbish properly,his gossip is letting you in on something,”says Dr.Ralph Rosnow of Temple University.A.allowing you to come in for som

38、ething B.informing you something in a certain field C.telling you to do cleaning first before moving in D.warning you to pay attention to your behavior As the oceans are the source of life on earth,the estuaries are our planets nurseries.An estuary is the body of water where a river meets the ocean.

39、Salt water from the ocean and fresh water from the river mix together in an estuary.This mixing of fresh and salt water creates a unique environment filled with life of all kinds-a zone between the land and the sea.Estuaries are the homes of thousands of animals and plants.Many cities and towns are

40、built near estuaries,and a lot of fish is caught in estuaries.What does“unique”mean in the passage?A.perfect B.strange C.clean D.special The Chinese peoples love affair with jade(翡翠)is a long and unbroken one.For five thousand years,Chinese have enjoyed wearing,collecting and appreciating jade.And C

41、hinese craftsmen(工匠)have created a great number and variety of fine works in jade.Starting from Tuesday,an exhibition entitled“Romance with Jade”opens at Beijings Palace Museum,also known as the Forbidden City.And for many of the valuable stones,its a genuine homecoming.先猜猜看,是什么答案68.By saying“its a

42、genuine homecoming”,the writer means that the valuable stones have come to the place _.A.where they were“born”B.where theyre loved bestC.where they were originally kept D.where theyll be kept properly 再读下一段的斜体部分,来确定上一题的答案 If these pieces of jade had feeling,theyd probably be sighing over the unusual

43、 cycle of life.After several hundred years of changing hands,including being shipped overseas,the art works have finally come home.For many of the pieces,their return is especially meaningful,since the Forbidden City was where they were originally housed.And this wouldnt have been possible without t

44、he efforts of one man.68.By saying“its a genuine homecoming”,the writer means that the valuable stones have come to the place _.A.where they were“born”B.where theyre loved bestC.where they were originally kept D.where theyll be kept properly69.Some pieces of jade are said to have had an“unusual cycl

45、e of life”because they have _.A.survived many different dynastiesB.witnessed(见证)lifestyles of various people C.been marked with signs of damage D.traveled here and there from hand to hand理解作者的观点和态度题理解作者的观点和态度题：既考查学生对字面意思的理解，也考查学生对作者写作目的、态度、观点等的理解。考题主要形式考题主要形式:(1)The writers purpose in writing this s

46、tory is(2)The text discusses men and women 50,000 years from now in order to show that 规律方法：正确理解作者的写作意图，所持的观点及阐述文章主题时语气或他对所论述的对象的态度。-假如你是作假如你是作者，你为什么要写本文？者，你为什么要写本文？小技巧：辨认三种作者使用的表达情感、态度及小技巧：辨认三种作者使用的表达情感、态度及观点的词汇，以及承接上下文的连接词。观点的词汇，以及承接上下文的连接词。表示贬义表示贬义：disgust,critical,negative,tolerant,disappointmen

47、t.表示褒义表示褒义:positive,wonder,support,useful,interesting,enthusiasm,admiring表示中立表示中立:indifferent,impassive,uninterested,ambivalent,neutral,apathetic,humor,disinterested,disinterest.例：例：The author appears _ modern advertising.A.to like B.to be indifferent to B.c.to dislike D.to know how to deal with One

48、 of the most authoritative voices speaking to us today is,of course,the voice of the advertisers.It shouts at us from the television screen and the radio loudspeakers;waves to us from every page of the newspaper;signals to us from the roadside bill-boards all day and flashes to us in colored lights

49、all night.C The fridge is considered a necessity.It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label:“store in the refrigerator.”In my fridgeless Fifties childhood,I was fed well and healthily.The milkman came daily;the grocer,the butcher(肉商),the baker,and the ice-cream m

50、an delivered two or three times,a week.The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus(剩余的)bread and milk became all kinds of cakes.Nothing was wasted,and we were never troubled by rotten food.Thirty years on,food deliveries have ceased,fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.