Charles Dickens 4.ppt

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1、Charles Dickens1812-1870Representative of English Critical RealismGroup member:Group member:黄蕴知黄蕴知 胡宝云胡宝云 陈珊陈珊 段水玲段水玲 黄春黄春 陈露娟陈露娟The contents LifeSocial attitudes Major works Analysis of some of his novelsCharacteristics of his novelsSocial Attitudes l hates the state apparatus,especially the Parlia

2、ment lbelieves in the states positive role in raising the living standards of the working classlsocial reform should work in the direction of reducing aristocratic privilegelwants improvement in the life of the poor,but is afraid of a real revolution lAs a bourgeois writer,he can in no way supply an

3、y fundamental solution to the social plights.back the first period Major works the second period the third period 1836-18411842-18501851-1870The first period Period of naive optimist（天真的乐观）（天真的乐观）:fun,high spirit,naive optimist.At this stage,Charles believed that all the evils of the capitalist worl

4、d would be remedied if only men treated each other with kindness,justic and sympathetic understanding.Charles thought that the whole social question would be solved if only every employer reformed himself according to the model set by the benevolent gentlemen in his novels.This naive optimism is cha

5、racteristic of the petty-bourgeois humanitarians of his time.1)Sketches by Boz(1836)博兹博兹特写集特写集,the first book 2)The Pickwick Papers(1837)匹克威克外传匹克威克外传3).Oliver Twist (1837-1838)奥克佛奥克佛特维斯特特维斯特，雾都孤儿，雾都孤儿 4).Nichols Nickleby(1838-1839)尼古拉斯尼古拉斯尼克尔贝尼克尔贝5).The Old Curiosity Shop(1840-1841)老古玩店老古玩店6).Barnab

6、y Rudge(1841)巴纳比巴纳比拉奇拉奇The second periodPeriod of excitement,irritation（激动和愤怒）（激动和愤怒）:exposing the corrupting influence of wealth and power,optimism turned into dissatisfaction and irritation.Charles s second period began from 1842,the year after his first visit to America.Before the visit,Dickens t

7、hought of the United States as a world in which there were no class divisions and human relations were humanitarian.But what impressed him most during his visit there was the rule of the dollar and the enormously corruptive influence of wealth and power.Dickens s naive optimism toward the capitalist

8、 society was profoundly shaken.1)American Notes(1842)美国札记美国札记 2)Martin Chuzzlewit(1843-1844)马丁马丁朱述尔维特朱述尔维特3)A Christmas Carol(1843)圣诞颂歌圣诞颂歌4)The Chimes教堂钟声教堂钟声5)The Cricket on the Hearth灶上蟋蟀灶上蟋蟀(以圣诞为题材以圣诞为题材,具有浓郁宗教色彩。具有浓郁宗教色彩。)6)Dombey and Son(1847-1848)董贝父子董贝父子 7)David Copperfield(1849-1850)大卫大卫科波菲

9、尔科波菲尔,the most autobiographical,one of the greatest English novelsThe third periodA Period of steadily intensifying pessimism(强强烈的悲观主义）烈的悲观主义）,showing underlying tone of bitterness,loss of hope for English bourgeois society.In his novels of this period,Dickens,consciously and subconsciously,shows hi

10、mself more and more at odds with bourgeois society.1)Bleak House(1852-1853)荒凉山庄荒凉山庄 2)Hard Times(1854)艰难时世艰难时世 3)Little Dorrit(1855-1857)小杜丽小杜丽 4)A Tale of Two Cities(1859)双城记双城记 5)Great Expectations(1860-1861)远大前程远大前程 6)Our Mutual Friend(1864-1865)我们的共同朋友我们的共同朋友 7)Edwin Drood(unfinished)(1869)艾德温艾德

11、温德鲁德之迷德鲁德之迷.backSelected Reading:Oliver Twist a novel set in London and in rural England in the 1830s presents Oliver Twist as Dickenss first child hero&Fagin the first grotesque figure.bettering the conditions in the English workhousesTaken from the movie Oliver TwistThis novel tells the story of D

12、ickens life at the blacking factory.Social Background of the Novel Apprentices&The Poor Law Amendment Act Apprenticeship had been used in England for centuries as a way of teaching young men a trade.Under this arrangement,a boy was apprenticed to a master craftaman who prepared him for an occupation

13、 and provided him with food and shelter in exchange for the boys assistance.The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 gave absolute authority to employers and took away the few freedoms of choice that remained to apprentices at the time.Thereafter most apprentices were forced to work long hours under poor

14、conditions.This virtual slavery generally lasted until the apprentice was twenty-one or twenty-four years old.Oliver Twist opens with a bitter invective directed at the nineteenth-century English Poor Laws.These laws were a distorted manifestation of the Victorian middle classs emphasis on the virtu

15、es of hard work.In the novel,Oliver serves as an apprentice to the undertaker Mr.Sowerberry.Main plot A young orphan,Oliver Twist,escapes a harsh apprenticeship in a rural town and travels to London,where he becomes involved with a gang of thieves.Fortunately for Oliver,he is befriended by a wealthy

16、 family whose members protect him from the robbers,investigate his mysterious past,and dicover his parentage.Analysis of main charactersOn many levels,Oliver is not a believable character,because although he is raised in corrupt surroundings,his purity and virtue are absolute.Throughout the novel,Di

17、ckens uses Olivers character to challenge the Victorian idea that paupers and criminals are already evil at birth,arguing instead that a corrupt environment is the source of vice.Oliver does not present a complex picture of a person torn between good and evilinstead,he is goodness incarnation.Nancy

18、A major concern of Oliver Twist is the question of whether a bad environment can irrevocably poison someones character and soul.She is immersed in the vices condemned by her society,but she also commits perhaps the most noble act in the novel when she sacrifices her own life in order to protect Oliv

19、er.The novel is full of characters who are all good and can barely comprehend evil,such as Oliver Rose,and Brownlow;and characters who are all evil and can barely comprehend good,such as Fagin,Sikes,and Monks.Only Nancy comprehends and is capable of both good and evil.Her ultimate choice to do good

20、at a great personal cost is a strong argument in favor of the incorruptibility of basic goodness,no matter how many environmental obstacles it may face.FaginAlthough Dickens denied that anti-Semitism had influenced his portrait of Fagin,constant references to him as“the Jew”seem to indicate that his

21、 negative traits are intimately connected to his ethnic identity.However,Fagin is more than a statement of ethnic prejudice.He is a richly drawn,resonant embodiment of terrifying villainy.At times,he seems like a childs distorted vision of pure evil.T he themes In Oliver Twist,Dickens mixes grim rea

22、lism and merciless satire as a way to describe the effects of industrialism on 19th-century England and to criticize the harsh new Poor Laws.The powerlessness of childrenGoods ability to triumph over evilMans humanity to man The inhumanity of city life under capitalism The outcasts search for status

23、 and identity The heinous nature of crime and criminalsbackLifeBorn in Portsmouth,England on Feb.7,1812Only had a few years of private education at William Giless School,in Chatham before his father was imprisoned.When he was 12,he worked in a factory putting labels on bottles of shoe polish,helping

24、 support his family.After his father was paroled(假释),he attended the Wellinton House Academy in North London.Dickens worked at the law office of Ellis and Blackmore,attorneys,of Holborn Court,Gray Inn,as a junior clerk from May 1827 to November 1828.Portsmouthunhappiest timefather：extravagantprison

25、for debt12岁岁blacking factoryrestartedschoolinga lawyersofficeparliamentaryreproter15shorthandthe British Museum Literarywriting career in 1833ChathamMarshalsea Chatham,Dickenss home 1817-1822In 1833,Dickens published a series of stories and sketches in Monthly Magazine and Evening Chronicle.His firs

26、t novel,The Pickwick Papers,in March 1836.In 1836,Dickens accepted the job of editor of Bentley Miscellary,a position he held for three years.On 2 April 1836,he married Catherine Thomson Hograh(18161879).They had 10 children.In 1842,Dickens and his wife made his first trip to the United States and C

27、anada.And the following he did several travels to Europe.In his middle years,he created Households Word and All the year round.Due to his hardworking all his life,he finally suffered serious disease(apoplexy)and died in 1870.Charles Dickens 他生活在英国由半封建社会向工业资本主义社会的过渡时期。其他生活在英国由半封建社会向工业资本主义社会的过渡时期。其作品广

28、泛而深刻地描写这时期社会生活的各个方面，鲜明而生动作品广泛而深刻地描写这时期社会生活的各个方面，鲜明而生动地刻画了各阶层的代表人物形象，并从人道主义出发对各种丑恶地刻画了各阶层的代表人物形象，并从人道主义出发对各种丑恶的社会现象及其代表人物进行揭露批判，对劳动人民的苦难及其的社会现象及其代表人物进行揭露批判，对劳动人民的苦难及其反抗斗争给以同情和支持。但同时他也宣扬以反抗斗争给以同情和支持。但同时他也宣扬以“仁爱仁爱”为中心的为中心的忍让宽恕和阶级调和思想。对劳动人民的反抗斗争抱行动上支持忍让宽恕和阶级调和思想。对劳动人民的反抗斗争抱行动上支持而道德上否定的矛盾态度。表现了他的现实主义的强大力

29、量和软而道德上否定的矛盾态度。表现了他的现实主义的强大力量和软弱空想。弱空想。狄更斯一生共创作了狄更斯一生共创作了1414部长篇小说，许多中、短篇小说和杂文、部长篇小说，许多中、短篇小说和杂文、游记、戏剧、小品。其中最著名的作品是描写劳资矛盾的长篇代游记、戏剧、小品。其中最著名的作品是描写劳资矛盾的长篇代表作表作艰难时期艰难时期（18541854）和描写）和描写17891789年法国革命的另一篇代表年法国革命的另一篇代表作作双城记双城记（18591859）。前者展示了工业资本家对工人的残酷）。前者展示了工业资本家对工人的残酷剥剥削削和压迫，描写了工人阶级的团结斗争，并批判了为资本家剥削和压迫，

30、描写了工人阶级的团结斗争，并批判了为资本家剥削辩护的自由竞争原则和功利主义学说。后者以法国贵族的荒淫残辩护的自由竞争原则和功利主义学说。后者以法国贵族的荒淫残暴、人民群众的重重苦难和法国大革命的历史威力，来影射当时暴、人民群众的重重苦难和法国大革命的历史威力，来影射当时的英国社会现实，预示这场的英国社会现实，预示这场“可怕的大火可怕的大火”也将在法国重演。其也将在法国重演。其他作品有他作品有奥列佛奥列佛特维斯特特维斯特（又译（又译雾都孤儿雾都孤儿18381838）、）、老古玩店老古玩店（18411841），），董贝父子董贝父子（18481848），），大卫大卫科波科波菲尔菲尔（18501850

31、）和）和远大前程远大前程（18611861），等等。），等等。狄更斯是狄更斯是1919世纪英国现实主义文学的主要代表。艺术上以妙趣横世纪英国现实主义文学的主要代表。艺术上以妙趣横生的幽默、细致入微的心理分析，以及现实主义描写与浪漫主义生的幽默、细致入微的心理分析，以及现实主义描写与浪漫主义气氛的有机结合著称。马克思把他和萨克雷等称誉为英国的气氛的有机结合著称。马克思把他和萨克雷等称誉为英国的“一一批杰出的小说家批杰出的小说家”。Poets CornerCharles Dickens dies by stroke on June 9,1870 and he was buried at Westm

32、inster Abbey in the Poets Corner.He was a sympathiser to the poor,the suffering,and the oppressed;and by his death,one of Englands greatest writers is lost to the world.-written on his gravestone他是贫穷、受苦与被压迫人民他是贫穷、受苦与被压迫人民的同情者；他的去世令世界失的同情者；他的去世令世界失去了一位伟大的英国作家去了一位伟大的英国作家 。写在狄写在狄更斯的墓碑上更斯的墓碑上backDistinc

33、t Features of Dickens Novels l1)Character portrayal&ExaggerationlCharacter portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works.Among a vast range of various characters,marked out by some peculiarity in physical traits,speech or manner,are both types and individuals.His best-depicted characters

34、 are those innocent,virtuous,persecuted,helpless child characters such as Oliver Twist,Little Nell,David Copperfield and Little Dorrit.Dickens writes best when he writes from the childs point of view.lAnd he is also famous for the depiction of those horrible and grotesque characters like Fagin,Bill

35、Sikes,and Quilp,and those broadly humorous or comical ones like Mr.Micawber,Sam Weller,and Mrs.Gamp.However,these characters are impressive not only because they are true to life,but also because they are often larger than life.They are,in a way,the embodiments of human beings,with some particular f

36、eatures exaggerated and highlighted,exposed to the degree of extremity.l2)Broad Humor&Penetrating Satire lDickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist.He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it(him or her)eccentric,whimsical,or laughable.Sometimes

37、he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices,with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.As a master of characterization,Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities,&in giving them exactly the actions&words that fit

38、them:that is,right words&right actions for the right person.Whether he exaggerates a persons physical traits to achieve a dramatic effect or to ridicule his personal defects,whether he means to be light-heartedly jocular or bitterly satirical,he is sure to produce roaring laughter or understanding s

39、miles.3)Complicated&Fascinating PlotDickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one,or two parallel major plots within one novel.He is also skillful at creating suspense&mystery to make the story fascinating.Besides the main core of the story,there are always more than one minor clues that are usually very loosely mingled with each other.4)The Power of ExposureAs the greatest representative of English critical realism,Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality&justice.Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.back