钢筋混凝土第4章.ppt
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1、教学要求:1深刻理解受弯构件斜截面受剪的三种破坏形态及其防止对策。2熟练掌握梁的斜截面受剪承载力计算。3理解梁内纵向钢筋弯起和截断的构造要求。4知道梁内各种钢筋,包括纵向受力钢筋、纵向构造钢筋、架立筋和箍筋等的构造要求。第4章 受弯构件的斜截面承载力受弯构件在荷载作用下,同时受弯构件在荷载作用下,同时产生弯矩和剪力。产生弯矩和剪力。在弯矩区段,产生正截面受弯在弯矩区段,产生正截面受弯破坏,破坏,而在剪力较大的区段,则会产而在剪力较大的区段,则会产生斜截面受剪破坏。生斜截面受剪破坏。“强剪弱弯强剪弱弯”4.1 概述概述Shear failure of reinforced concrete,mo
2、re properly called diagonal failure,is more dangerous than flexural failure because of its catastrophic 灾难性的nature.Roman Construction in PompeiiShear in a beamIf a beam without properly designed shear reinforcement is overloaded to failure,shear collapse is likely to occur suddenly,with no advance w
3、arning of distress.Shear in a beamThis is in strong contrast with the nature of flexural failure.For moderate reinforced beam,flexural failure is initiated by gradual yielding of the tension steel,accompanied by obvious cracking of the concrete and large deflection,giving ample warning and providing
4、 the opportunity to take corrective measures.obvious crackingobvious crackingMeasure:strengtheningMeasure:strengtheningBent-uplongitudinal barStirrupHanger barsSteel reinforcement longitudinal barStirrupBent-up barBecause of these differences in Because of these differences in behavior,reinforced co
5、ncrete beams behavior,reinforced concrete beams are generally provided with special are generally provided with special shear reinforcement to ensure the shear reinforcement to ensure the flexural failure would occur before flexural failure would occur before shear failure if the member should shear
6、 failure if the member should be severely overloaded.be severely overloaded.在保证受弯构件正截面受弯承载力的同时,还要保证斜截面承载力,它包括斜截面受剪承载力和斜截面受弯承载力两方面。工程设计中,斜截面受剪承载力是由计算和构造来满足的,斜截面受弯承载力则是通过对纵向钢筋和箍筋的构造要求来保证的。图4-1 箍筋和弯起钢筋图4-2 钢筋弯起处劈裂裂缝 工程设计中,应优先选用箍筋,然后再考虑采用弯起钢筋。由于弯起钢筋承受的拉力比较大,且集中,有可能引起弯起处混凝土的劈裂裂缝,见图4-2。因此放置在梁侧边缘的钢筋不宜弯起,梁底
7、层钢筋中的角部钢筋不应弯起,顶层钢筋中的角部钢筋不应弯下。弯起钢筋的弯起角宜取45或60。4.2 斜裂缝、剪跨比及斜截面受剪破坏形态斜裂缝、剪跨比及斜截面受剪破坏形态4.2.1 腹剪斜裂缝与弯剪斜裂缝For the elastic beam,the flexure stress,shear stress,and the principal For the elastic beam,the flexure stress,shear stress,and the principal tensile stress are determined according to the beam theory
8、.tensile stress are determined according to the beam theory.主拉应力:主压应力:4545f1f2 f1f1f2f2vffvvv梁主应力轨迹梁主应力轨迹The stress trajectories intersect the neutral axis at 45.The principal tensile stresses become excessive due to cracking.Since concrete material is weak in tension,the magnitude and direction of
9、principal tensile stresses are important.At the location of zero shear stress,i.e.,the extreme tension fiber,the principal tensile stress takes the horizontal direction.At the point of zero normal stress,i.e.,the neutral axis,the principal tensile stress is equal to shear stress,and its direction is
10、 45 degrees with respect to the member axis the location of zero shear stresspoint of zero normal stressprincipal tensile stressAAMVShear and Diagonal TensionAAShear failure:45oWeb-shear crackPure shear at neutral axis:45o90oAt the point of At the point of zero normal zero normal stress,i.e.,the str
11、ess,i.e.,the neutral axis,the neutral axis,the principal tensile principal tensile stress is equal to stress is equal to shear stress,and shear stress,and its direction is 45 its direction is 45 degrees with degrees with respect to the respect to the member axis member axis 腹剪斜裂缝腹剪斜裂缝Below neutral a
12、xis:Combination of shear stress and tensile stressPotential cracksAs the principal tensile stress increases and exceeds the tensile strength of concrete,crack occurs in the direction perpendicular to the direction of principal tensile stress.图4-4 斜裂缝(a)腹剪斜裂缝;(b)弯剪斜裂缝 这种由竖向裂缝发展而成的斜裂缝,称为弯剪斜裂缝剪斜裂缝,这种裂缝
13、下宽上细,是最常见的,如图4-4(b)所示。4.2.2 剪跨比 在图4-5所示的承受集中荷载的简支梁中,最外侧的集中力到临近支座的距离a称为剪跨,剪跨a与梁截面有效高度h0的比值,称为计算截面的剪跨比,简称剪跨比,用表示,=a/h0。图4-5 集中荷载作用的简支梁 对于承受集中荷载的简支梁,=M/(Vh0)=a/h0,即这时的剪跨比与广义剪跨比相同。对于承受均布荷载的简支梁,设l为梁的跨度,l为计算截面离支座的距离,则可表达为跨高比l/h0的函数:剪跨比反映了截面上正应力和剪应力的相对比值,在一定程度上也反映了截面上弯矩与剪力的相对比值。它对无腹筋梁的斜截面受剪破坏形态有着决定性的影响,对斜截
14、面受剪承载力也有着极为重要的影响。7.2 无腹筋梁的受剪性能斜裂缝出现后梁中受力状态的变化斜裂缝出现后梁中受力状态的变化斜裂缝出现后,受剪面积的减小斜裂缝出现后,受剪面积的减小使受压区混凝土剪力增大使受压区混凝土剪力增大(剪压区剪压区)斜裂缝出现前,支座附近截面斜裂缝出现前,支座附近截面a-a的的s ss与与Ma成正比;成正比;梁由原来的梁由原来的梁传力机制梁传力机制变成变成拉杆拱传力机制拉杆拱传力机制斜裂缝出现后,斜裂缝出现后,截面截面a-a 的的s ss取取决于决于临界斜裂缝顶点截面临界斜裂缝顶点截面b-bb-b处的处的Mb,即与,即与Mb成正比成正比。因此,斜裂缝因此,斜裂缝的出现使的出
15、现使支座附近的支座附近的s ss与跨中截面与跨中截面的的s ss相近,相近,这对纵筋的锚固提出更这对纵筋的锚固提出更高的要求。同时,销栓作高的要求。同时,销栓作用用Vd使纵使纵筋周围的混凝土产生筋周围的混凝土产生撕裂裂缝撕裂裂缝,削,削弱混凝土对纵筋的锚固作用。弱混凝土对纵筋的锚固作用。4.2.3 斜截面受剪破坏的三种主要形态销栓作用销栓作用Vd使纵筋周围的混凝土产生使纵筋周围的混凝土产生撕裂裂缝撕裂裂缝削弱混凝土对纵筋的锚固作用削弱混凝土对纵筋的锚固作用无腹筋梁受剪的力学模型无腹筋梁受剪的力学模型剪压区剪压区拱体拱体剪压破坏剪压破坏Figure shows a portion of a be
16、am in which a diagonal Figure shows a portion of a beam in which a diagonal tension crack has formed.Considering the part of the tension crack has formed.Considering the part of the beam to the left of the crack,shown in solid line,there beam to the left of the crack,shown in solid line,there is an
17、external upward shear force acting on this portion.is an external upward shear force acting on this portion.external upward shear forceexternal upward shear force无腹筋梁受剪的力学模型无腹筋梁受剪的力学模型Once a crack is formed,no tension force perpendicular to the crack can be transmitted across it.However,as long as t
18、he crack is narrow,it can still transmit force in its own plane through interlocking of the surface roughness.Aggregate interlock forces amounts to one-third and more of the shear force 骨料咬和作用骨料咬和作用 Shear forces in the uncracked portion of the concrete 剪压剪压区抗剪承载力区抗剪承载力 Dowel action of the longitudin
19、al steel 纵筋的销栓作用纵筋的销栓作用4.2.3 斜截面受剪破坏的三种主要形态1 无腹筋梁的斜截面受剪破坏形态图4-6 主应力迹线分布图 在剪跨比小的图4-6(a)中,在集中力到支座之间有虚线所示的主压应力迹线,即力是按斜向短柱的形式传递的。可见,剪跨比小时,主要是斜向受压而产生斜压破坏。在剪跨比大的图4-6(c)中,集中力与支座之间没有直接的主压应力迹线,故以弯曲传力为主,产生沿主压应力迹线的斜裂缝,并发展为斜拉破坏。试验也表明,无腹筋梁的斜截面受剪破坏形态与剪跨比有决定性的关系,主要有斜压破坏、剪压破坏和斜拉破坏斜压破坏、剪压破坏和斜拉破坏三种破坏形态。图4-7斜截面破坏形态(a)
20、斜压破坏;(b)剪压破坏;(c)斜拉破坏(1)斜压破坏(图4-7a)1时,发生斜压破坏。这种破坏多数发生在剪力大而弯矩小的区段,以及梁腹板很薄的T形截面或I形截面梁内。破坏时,混凝土被腹剪斜裂缝分割成若干个斜向短柱而压坏,因此受剪承载力取决于混凝土的抗压强度,是斜截面受剪承载力中最大的。图4-7斜截面破坏形态(a)斜压破坏;(b)剪压破坏;(c)斜拉破坏(2)剪压破坏(图4-7b)13时,常发生剪压破坏。其破坏特征通常是,在弯剪区段的受拉区边缘先出现一些竖向裂缝,它们沿竖向延伸一小段长度后,就斜向延伸形成一些斜裂缝,而后又产生一条贯穿的较宽的主要斜裂缝,称为临界斜裂缝,临界斜裂缝出现后迅速延伸
21、,使斜截面剪压区的高度缩小,最后导致剪压区的混凝土破坏,使斜截面丧失承载力。图4-7斜截面破坏形态(a)斜压破坏;(b)剪压破坏;(c)斜拉破坏(3)斜拉破坏(图4-7c)3时,常发生斜拉破坏。其特点是当竖向裂缝一出现,就迅速向受压区斜向伸展,斜截面承载力随之丧失。破坏荷载与出现斜裂缝时的荷载很接近,破坏过程急骤,破坏前梁变形很小,具有很明显的脆性,其斜截面受剪承载力最小。图4-8 斜截面破坏的F-f曲线 图4-8为三种破坏形态的荷载-挠度(F-f)曲线图。可见,三种破坏形态的斜截面受剪承载力是不同的,斜压破坏时斜压破坏时最大,其次为剪压,斜拉最小最大,其次为剪压,斜拉最小。它们在达到峰值荷载
22、时,跨中挠度都不大,破坏时荷载都会迅速下降,表明它们都属脆性破坏类型,是工程中应尽量避免的。另外,这三种破坏形态虽然都是属于脆性破坏类型,但脆性程度是不同的。混凝土的极限拉应变值比极限压应变值小得多,所以斜拉破坏最脆,斜压破坏次之。为此,规范规定用构造措施,强制性地来防止斜拉、斜压破坏,而对剪压破坏,因其承载力变化幅度相对较大所以是通过计算来防止的,VPart of the shear force is resisted by the bars that traverse a particular crack.Stirrup restricts the growth of diagonal c
23、racks and reduces their penetration into the compression zone.This leaves more uncracked concrete available at the head of the crack for resisting the combined action of shear and compression.增加了剪压增加了剪压区的面积区的面积 The stirrups also counteract the widening of the cracks,so that the two crack faces stay
24、in close contact.This makes for a significant and reliable interlock force.箍筋控制了斜裂缝的开展箍筋控制了斜裂缝的开展2 有腹筋梁的斜截面受剪破坏形态VBehavior of Web Reinforced Concrete Beams有腹筋梁受剪性能箍筋的作用箍筋的作用 斜裂缝出现后,拉应力由箍筋承担,斜裂缝出现后,拉应力由箍筋承担,增强了梁的剪力传递能增强了梁的剪力传递能力力;箍筋控制了斜裂缝的开展,增加了剪压区的面积,箍筋控制了斜裂缝的开展,增加了剪压区的面积,使使Vc增加,增加,骨料咬合力骨料咬合力Va也增加;也
25、增加;吊住纵筋,延缓了撕裂裂缝的开展,吊住纵筋,延缓了撕裂裂缝的开展,增强了纵筋销栓作用增强了纵筋销栓作用Vd;箍筋参与斜截面的受弯,箍筋参与斜截面的受弯,使斜裂缝出现后纵筋应力使斜裂缝出现后纵筋应力s ss 的增量的增量减小;减小;配置箍筋对斜裂缝开裂荷载没有影响,也不能提高斜压破坏配置箍筋对斜裂缝开裂荷载没有影响,也不能提高斜压破坏的承载力,的承载力,即对小剪跨比情况,箍筋的上述作用很小;对大即对小剪跨比情况,箍筋的上述作用很小;对大剪跨比情况,箍筋配置如果超过某一限值,则产生斜压杆压剪跨比情况,箍筋配置如果超过某一限值,则产生斜压杆压坏,继续增加箍筋没有作用。坏,继续增加箍筋没有作用。斜
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