英汉对比总说13页答案.ppt

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1、练习答案英汉对比：总说汉语“流水句”：汉语的句式多样性，有整句(full sentence),也有大量的零句或小句（minor sentence）。整句有主谓结构，零句没有主谓结构，整句与零句混合交错，组成了“流水句”。流水句特点：(1)有大量的零句（或小句）(2)无关联词。英语“竹节句”？：与流水句相对的是英语的“竹节句法”，也就是分居或者短语需用各种连接词。这些连接词犹如竹节一般，把句子无限拉长（用连接词一句句连接起来）。有一年冬初，四叔家里换女工，做中人的卫老婆子带她进来了，头上扎着白头绳，乌裙，蓝夹袄，月白背心，年纪大约二十六七，脸色青黄，但脸颊却还是红的。（原文中每个意群之间几乎没有

2、连接词，只有一个“但”。翻译到英文的时候，一是短句，而是增加连接词when，and等）Early one winter,when my uncles family wanted a new maid,Old Mrs.Wei the go-between brought her along.She had a white mourning band round her hair and was wearing a black skirt,blue jacket,and pale green bodice.Her age was about twenty-six,and though her fa

3、ce was sallow and her cheeks were red.Do you remember the brown suit,which you made to hang upon you,till all your friends cried shame upon you,it grew so threadbare-all because of that folio Beaumont and Fletcher,which you dragged home late at night from Barkers in Covent Garden。Threadbare:(of clot

4、h)worn thin or shabby;e.g.:a threadbare coat你还记得你的那身棕色外衣吗？那衣服早已穿到让人笑话的程度，确实太破烂不堪了，而这还不是因为布芒与弗莱契的那本集子吗？那个你一天晚上从柯文花园巴克书店拖回家来的对开本？原文中连接词有2个which，还有till，and，because of，in等，译文中只有一个“因为”。她，一个瘦弱多病的女孩子，以她坚强的毅力，写出了一部催人奋进的小说。A thin and weak girl susceptible to disease,she wrote an inspiring novel with her stro

5、ng will.在太空中有各种各样肉眼看不见的波There are various kinds of waves invisible to the naked eyes in the aerospace.那是中国内地出版的第一份报纸。That was the first newspaper that had been published in inland China As I sat down on that hot and humid evening,there seemed to be no solutions to the problems thrashing around in my

6、 brain黄昏时分，既闷热，又潮湿，我坐下来，满脑子翻腾起伏的问题似乎找不到解决办法。His body was perfect,alive with easy suppleness and health and strength.他的身体强健有力，灵巧敏捷，真是棒极了。（英语是先总后分，主句就是中心思想，形容词alive是perfect的具体表现。汉语遵循先分后总，细节在前，结论在后。Sink or swim,Ill try.不管成败如何，我都要试一试。James Brindley of Staffordshire started his self-made career in 1773 b

7、y working at mill wheels,at the age of seventeen,having been born in a village.斯塔福郡的詹姆斯布林德雷，出生于一个贫困的农村家庭；1733年，他17岁，就着手改良磨坊的车轮，从而开始了他那自我奋斗的生涯。遵循时间顺序翻译：出生173317岁开始自我奋斗。杭州是一座有悠久历史的文化名城。“良褚文化”遗址即可证明，在4000多年前，这里已经有人类繁衍生息。Hangzhou has a long history as a famous cultural city。The remains of the“Liangchu C

8、ulture”show that our ancestors lived and multiplied in this area as long as 4000 years ago.I was addicted to fitness,tennis,golf,hunting and fishing.我对健身运动、打高尔夫、狩猎和钓鱼等兴致很高，乐此不疲。译文采取逆译法，先翻译细节，再处理总提部分的“I was addicted”前些日子报载吉林省外贸局原副局长王震利用职权，大康国家之慨，吃喝玩乐，请客送礼，浪费惊人，不也是一种“白蚁”之害？According to recent press re

9、ports,Wang Zhenyu,the ex-deputy head of Foreign Trade Bureau of Jilin Province abused his powers(利用职权）and wasted a horrifying amount of public property（浪费惊人）.Generous at expenses of the state(大康国家之慨）,he wined and dined（吃喝）,held dinner parties（请客）,gave gifts（送礼）,and sought all other kinds of pleasure

10、s（玩乐）.Arent such people“termites”too?译者没有按照原文顺序来处理，而是理出其主题“利用职权”、“浪费惊人”，于是按照英文的表达习惯先总后说分述，把“浪费惊人”提到前面去。译者对“吃喝玩乐，请客送礼”处理也独具匠心：“吃喝”“请客”“送礼”都是“玩乐”，是“玩乐”的不同方式，所以把“玩乐”放到后面。从句法结构上来讲，英语和汉语在语序上的差异主要表现在定语和状语上。英语的状语可前可后，若是单词定语，则在中心词之前；若是短语或从句定语，则在中心词之后；状语比定语灵活，可前可后，但在修饰整个句子的状语一般前置，如，strange to relate,the gira

11、ffe has no voice.(说来奇怪，长颈鹿生来没有嗓音）汉语的定语，无论多长，总是位于中心词之前。但由于汉语不喜欢很长的定语，所以，往往以离散的小句表达本该定语表达的意思。汉语的状语，无论是表示时间、地点、方式还是条件，一般位于中心小句之前。（1）在太空有各种各样肉眼看不见的波。There are various kinds of waves invisible to the naked eye in the aerospace汉语的修饰词位于中心词“波”之前，英语中介词性质短语“various kinds of“由于搭配的原因位于中心词”waves”之前，形容词短语invisibl

12、e to the naked eye”位于其后。理解和把握英语句子,只要抓住谓语 动词就抓住了全句的灵魂。句法中所谓“主语”、“谓语”之分,是从形式逻辑来的。这种语言组词造句往往条分缕析,句子成分清晰,层次结构严谨,是一种形式化、“法制化”的语 言。这与西方思维中逻辑分析、演 绎推理是相符的。英语在其发展过程中,受这种哲 学思维的影响,形成了一套形态变换规则,是形态 外化型语言。英语组词造句,就是利用各种显性的 形态关系粘连各种成分,叠床架屋,环环相扣,层层相套,呈一种静 态的 空 间型 构造,也称 树型 构 造。英语的这种句子建构模式,从一个侧面体现了 西方的科学理性精神。树型结构与线型结构

13、的转换 英语句子以主谓结构框架为提挈,盘根错节，呈树型结构,而汉语句子随直觉意念按时间顺序铺排,呈线型结构。所以进行英汉互译时,必须进行 两种型式结构的转换 Upon his death in 1826,Jefferson wa s buried under a stone which described him a s he had wished to be remembered a s the author of the Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and the fa

14、ther of the University of Virginia.一八二九 年杰 斐逊 逝 世。按 照他 生前 遗愿,在他的墓碑上刻着:独立宣言、弗吉尼亚信教自由法令 的作者、弗吉 尼亚大学创建人之墓。(拆分成5句）He had flown in just day before from Georgia where he had spent his vacation basking in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction job he had been engaged in in the south.他本来

15、在南方从事建筑工程,任务完成之后,他就上格鲁吉亚去度假,享受 高加索的阳光,昨天才坐飞机回来。灾难深重的中华民族,一百年来,其优秀人物奋斗 牺 牲,前 仆后 继,摸 索救 国 救民真理,是可歌可泣的。For a hundred years,the finest sons and daughters of the disaster-ridden Chinese nation fought and sacrificed their live s,one stepping in to the b reach a s another fell,in quest of the truth that wo

16、uld save the country and the people.This moved u s to songs andtea rs.中式思维强调意念的流动贯通,而不受形式的阻塞,免去 了不 必 要的 形式 变化。其句 法(语法)是隐性的,所以汉语句子成分较模糊,层 次、结构较松散。理解句子意义主要靠主体人的领悟和当时的语境。故又有汉语是“人治”语言之 说。请看潘文国先生所举的例子 老吾老,以及人之老;幼吾幼,以及人之幼。春风风人,夏雨雨人。君君,臣臣,父父,子子。汉语句法隐性、成分结构关系模糊的特点由此可见一斑。汉语句子按逻辑事理和时间顺序线性铺排,呈动态流水式,结构无一定之规,随直觉

17、感受或意念 发展需要而定,属于线型构造。由此看来,汉语又 是一种散点视语言。古汉语翻译“老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼。”老吾老以及人之老：第一个老字是动词赡养、孝敬的意思，第二及第三个老字是名词老人、长辈的意思；幼吾幼以及人之幼：第一个幼字是动词抚养、教育的意思，第二及第三个幼字是名词子女、小辈的意思；两句中的及都有推己及人的意思。整句话的意思是“在赡养孝敬自己的长辈时不应忘记其他与自己没有亲缘关系的老人。在抚养教育自己的小辈时不应忘记其他与自己没有血缘关系的小孩。”春风风人,夏雨雨人 意思是：“和煦的春风吹拂着人们，夏天的雨水滋养人。比喻帮助了别人，人家也会给予回报。”君君,臣臣,父父

18、,子子意思是：“君王要像个君王，臣下要像个臣下，父亲要像个父亲，儿子要像个儿子。”汉语句子铺排散而畅,全凭意 念统之。英语句子盘根错节,全靠形态摄之。英语具有完备的形态 变化机制。英语基本句型 主谓框架结构提挈功能 的普遍性及对后续语句的衍生潜势都很强,加上英语修饰语的后置语序,致使英语句子扩展模式呈句 尾开放式,即呈 LR 线性延伸式。如:LR (from left to right)开放式The mosquito defeated the lionThe mosquito defeated the lion that killed the ratThe mosquito defeated

19、the lion that killed the rat that ate the lions share of meatThe mosquito defeated the lion that killed the rat that ate the lions share of meat which was stored in he r court for her baby Examinations and Qualities（考试和品质）Examinations test your knowledge and your ability to apply your knowledge,but

20、not very much more.What is so often is that there are many valuable qualities which cannot be tested by examinations.(主语从句)Can you imagine,for instance,an examination in tact or good manners,in kindness or in history?So a wise employer will want to know not only what examinations you have passed but

21、 also what your headmaster thinks of your character.Remember that the aim of a good school is to teach you to live a full and useful life and not merely to pass an examination.So while you should certainly not neglect your ordinary lessons,you should also take an interest in other school activitiesi

22、n the debating,drama or photographing societies,in your school magazine,in some form of social work,in Boy Scouts or Girl Guides,or in your school games.Although these activities will not be recorded on your transcript of records they will be shown on the leaving certificate you will get from your s

23、chool,and what is more important,they will help you to lead a fuller life and become a better citizen.虽然现代英语中如此拖踏的句子很少用,但从语法上说,英语句子的后续扩展潜势是趋于无穷 的,英语句子句首延伸的潜势却很有限,一般只能 加上一个时间地点状语,或者一个指示性短语,如 I heard that,It is said that之类。导致汉语句子扩展模式与英语恰恰相反,呈句首开 放式,即 RL 延伸式。开放 式 RL (from right to left)兢兢业业工作。(一度延伸)兢兢业

24、业工作为好。(二度延伸)兢兢业业得多。兢兢业业工作的是她 吗?兢兢业业工作是个好习惯。工作兢兢业业。（一度延伸）他工作兢兢业业。（二度延伸）没想到他能够工作兢兢业业。（三度延伸）我完全没想到他能够工作兢兢业业。（四度延伸）以上例句作了四度延伸,无论从语法、逻辑、语感上看都是合格的句子。可见汉语句子句首扩展 的潜势是相当大的。但是汉语句尾扩展的潜势很有 限。一般只能作一、二度延伸,很少能作二度以上 延伸 语篇组织模式差异 英文语篇结构往往是：开门见山提出主题,经过逻辑 分析或演绎推理,最后得出结论或解决问题的方案,属于典型的三段论式。所以西方人写文章擅长推理分析,注重推理过程和解决问题的形式。英

25、语 语篇的结构特点就是:它强调段落必须是个完整的 统一体,表达的思想必须做到语义直接相关。同时语义必须借助一定的连接手段按固定顺序、合乎逻 辑、明晰 地 连 接 起 来,形 成 一 个 直 线 流 动 的 实体。在单个段落组织上,就是通常有主题句,它一般为该段落的中心思想。整个段落内容必须与主 题直接相关;段落结构严谨,论证清晰严密。中国文化重直觉、整体,重意念、感悟和圆式 思维的特点,反映在语篇组织上。Passage AShould Students Do Business or Not?In recent t years,doing business is very pop u la r

26、on the camp u s1 Mo re and mo re college students sp end mo re time doing business.This phenomenon cause s a lo t of hot argument.Is it right or not?In m y op in ion,we can no t say it is right or wrong directly because the reason is comp lex1 O n the o the r hand,many students do business in order

27、to reduce the burden of their families because their families have no t enough money to support So their doing business is reasonable.W e can no t say it is no t right A s to those students who se families s a re not very poor,some of them doing business just wan t to practice in the society and gai

28、n some experience.Earning money is no t their purpose.W e can no t say it is not right,either.近年来,大学生经商现象颇为普遍。越来越多的大学生花更多的时间来做生意。这种现象引发 了激烈的讨论。大学生经商是好还是坏?我认为,我们不能直接说它好也不能说它不好,因为其中的原因很复杂。另一方面,许多学生做生意是为了减 轻家庭负担,因为他们的家庭没有足够的钱来支持 他们。因此,他们做生意是情有可原的。我们不能说这不对。对于那些家境并不贫困的学生来说,他们做生意只是为了参加社会实践,获得一些经验。挣钱并不是他们的

29、目的。我们也不能说它不对。这一篇为中国人所写。文章没有直接回答所提 出的问题,也没有中心,只是现象罗列,属于典型圆式思维或亦此亦彼思维。虚与实的转换 中国文化重直感或意念,重整体上和谐统一的特点,又表现在组词造句上多采用四字词组,或排 偶句,虚实结合,创造出一种意象,达到语意上的和谐完美。而西方文化重理性、客观的逻辑分析,在组词造句上注重写实,避虚就实。如:Tiny islands are strung a round the edge of the peninsular like a pearl necklace Hunks of coral fine white sand,coconut

30、palms and fine white sand-座座岛屿玲珑小巧,紧密相连,像一串珍珠缀成的项链,环绕着半岛边缘。岛 上珊瑚礁红,椰树成片,沙滩如银,景 色如诗如画。她 (黄河)奔腾不息,勇往直前,忽而 惊 涛 裂 岸,势 不 可 挡,使 群 山 动 容;忽而安如处子,风平浪静,波光潋 滟,气象万千。It tears and boils a long turbulently through the mountains and,at some place,flows on quietly with a sedate appearance and glistening ripples.人称与物

31、称的转换中式思维重直觉、重人的主体性特点,反映在 语言上,还表现在多以人做主语,并且主语既可以 显现在句中,也可以隐含在整个事件中。而西方思 维重对客体进行客观的逻辑分析,因此多以物做主语。如:The happiness-the superior advantages of the young women about he r,gave Rebecca inexpressible pangs of envy.(V anity Fair)-丽贝卡看见周围的小姐那么幸福,享受种种优越的权利,却有说不出的眼红。It is in the hour of trial that a man finds h

32、is true profession.(B.Shaw)-人总是在面临考验的关头,才发现自己的专长。看树看果实,看人看作为。-A tree is known by its fruit,and a m an is known by his actions只要知道电压和电流,就能确定电阻。-The resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are known.形合与意合的转换 英语具有完备的形态变化机制,注重句子形式 结构的完整,以形显义。而汉语不具备形态变化机制。组词造句不用 形式 连 接手 段,而 注重

33、表达功能。以意统形。如:When I try to understand what it is that prevents so m any Americans from being ashappy as one might expect,it seem s to me that the re a re two causes,of which one goes much deeper than the other-为何有如此多的美国人不能如想象的那样幸福呢?我认为原因有二,而 二者 又 有深浅之分。抓住了主要矛盾,一切问题就可以迎刃而解。-Once the principal contradi

34、ction is grasp ed all problem s can be readily solved.种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。-A s you sow,so w ill you reap.P13 答案恩格斯和马克思有着四十年的亲密友谊和精神默契，比其他任何人都更加透彻地了解马克思的学说，因此，他充满自信的这些话极具说服力。（译文2：由于四十年最亲密的友谊和思想契合，恩格斯对马克思学说的意义比任何人都了解得彻底。他就是以这种资格和信心说话的）黄油只能使我们发胖，书籍才能使我们有力。晨光中，他看上去四十左右，身穿体面的黑色礼服大衣，陪着白衬衣，黑丝结，显得健壮，精神，富有魅力。我相信，若似岁月而

35、论，我的生命是短暂的，然而，若似体验、欢愉、爱情和成就而言，我的生命又是充实的；我身后的亲人们，我的母亲、兄弟、妻子、孩子以及挚友，我自身的永恒将留存在他们的记忆之中。在我们这个时代，说政治文章的写作是拙劣的写作，一般是准确的。若有不适当的地方，多半是因为那位作者是某种意义上的叛逆，发言的是他个人的意见，而不是“党派调门”。While crossing the street he looked right and left,afraid he might run into some passing car.All the staff members,young and old went out

36、 to plant trees.Jim worships Mary;he would go through fire and water for her.The troops led by him became stronger and stronger when they fought north and south on many fronts.The ocean,which covers 71%of the earths surface,is the basic component of the global bio-support system.It is also a treasur

37、e house of resources and an important regulator of the environment.（注意还原英语的表达习惯，避免汉语的碎句）再看几个句子The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.-中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就 而自豪,这是合乎情理的。（拆分）Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his policy of self-reliance .-毛主席在谈到他的“自力更生”政策时,也许有些自豪感,这是可以理解的。（拆分）Poverty in the developing countries has been ascribed by the North to low productivity,inappropriate domestic policies and inadequate national effort-发展中国家的贫困,在北方看 来,是 因为生产力低下,国内政策失当,自身 努 力不够。