英语翻译与写作.ppt
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1、科技英语翻译与写作n参考书目:n实用科技英语翻译研究西安交通大学出版社n英语科技文献的语言特点与翻译上海交通大学出版社n汉英科技翻译教程西北工业大学出版社EGP/ESP EST,EVP,EOP,EAP,EBE,ESSnEGP:English for General Purpose nESP:English for Specific Purposes nEST:English for Science and TechnologynEVP/EOP:English for Vocational/Occupational PurposenEAP:English for Academic Purpose
2、 nEBE:English for Business and EconomynESS:English for Social Sciences Objectives:nbe aware of some knowledge of lexical and discourse features of EST genres,criteria of EST translation,the common grammatical mistakes or errors in EST translation and writing.nPave the way for students future learnin
3、g of specialized knowledge in EnglishnHelp conquer students fear of encountering long and difficult sentences concerning science and technology 研究生入学考试翻译试题n(46)In physics,one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme,and seeks a theory of everythinga single generative equation for a
4、ll we see.n(47)Here,Darwinism seems to offer justification for if all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.n(48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex
5、 cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.n(49)The second,by Joshua Greenberg,takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits(particularly in word order)shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive
6、 constraints.n(50)Chomskys grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it.What is ESTnEST(English for Science&Technology or Technical English or Scientific English)is a special language variety widely used in the fields of sc
7、ience and technology.Its believed that it first came to being in the 1950s along with the rapid development of science and technology,and it many researchers and scholars began to conduct investigation of this common features of this special genre including reading comprehension,writing and even tra
8、nslation.n科技英语(English for Science and Technology,简称EST)是从事科学技术活动时所使用的英语,是英语的一种变体(科技文体)。科技英语自70年代以来引起了人们的广泛关注和研究,目前已发展成为一种重要的英语语体。本节所讨论的科技英语主要指描述、探讨自然科学各专业的著作、论文、实验报告,科技实用手段(包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等)的结构描述和操作说明等。1.1 Grammar Features 客观性(客观性(Objective)、准确性(准确性(accuracy)和精练性精练性(conciseness)。(1)(1)广泛使用被动语态广泛使用被动语
9、态(2)(2)广泛使用非谓语形式广泛使用非谓语形式 (3)(3)省略句使用频繁省略句使用频繁 (4)(4)It句型句型,固定句型和祈使句固定句型和祈使句使用频繁使用频繁(5)(5)复杂长句使用频繁复杂长句使用频繁(6)(6)后置形容词短语作定语多后置形容词短语作定语多 (7 7)名词化的大量使用名词化的大量使用语法特点(1)(1)广泛使用被动语态广泛使用被动语态1.1 Grammar Features l主体主体多为客观的事物、现象和过程,在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者多为客观的事物、现象和过程,在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者个人的主观臆断;个人的主观臆断;l中中心心是是客客观观现现象象及及事事物
10、物本本身身,而而非非动动作作的的发发出出者者,把把论论证证说说明明的的对对象象置于句子主语的位置,既能突出中心,又能吸引读者的注意。置于句子主语的位置,既能突出中心,又能吸引读者的注意。(客观性客观性)1)Electricity can be measured in amount and quality.电可以用数量和质量来度量。电可以用数量和质量来度量。2)Instrument transformers are installed on the high-voltage equipment.互感器安装在高压设备上互感器安装在高压设备上1.1 Grammar Features 3)Electr
11、ic power is generated in power generating stations or plants.电能是在发电站或发电厂产生的电能是在发电站或发电厂产生的 4)The meters are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit.这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程 ,以便读出期望的数值。,以便读出期望的数值。5)Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates sep
12、arated by an insulation medium.Such a device is called a capacitor,and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance.It is measured in Farads.电能可以储存在被一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板中,这样的装置被称为电容电能可以储存在被一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板中,这样的装置被称为电容器,它储存电能的能力就被称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。器,它储存电能的能力就被称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。1.1 Grammar Features(
13、2)(2)广泛使用非谓语形式广泛使用非谓语形式 非谓语动词在句子中可以起到名词,形容词或副词作用,动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。动名词动名词 用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句 1)The signal should be filtered before it is amplified.2)An object becomes hot.It is placed in the sun.Once being placed in the sun,an object becomes hot.物体放置在太阳下会变热。The signal sho
14、uld be filtered before being amplified.放大信号前,应先对其进行滤波(精炼)1.1 Grammar Features 3)We must do various experiments before a new electronic product is designed.Before designing a new electronic product we must do various experiments.在设计一个新的电子产品之前,我们必须做各种实验 用动名词短语做主语用动名词短语做主语 4)Changing resistance is a me
15、thod for controlling the flow of the current.改变电阻是控制电流的一种方法 5)Conducting electricity means the flow of electrons through an object.传导电流意味着电子在物体内的流动 1.1 Grammar Features 分词分词 l 过去分词短语替代从句中的被动语态l 现在分词短语替代从句中的主动语态 1)The power supply,which is shown in block-diagram in Fig.1,is a single-phase switch-mode
16、 inverter.The power supply shown in block-diagram in Fig.1 is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.图1中用框图表示的电源是一个单相开关逆变器。Vibrating objects produce sound waves and each vibration produces one sound wave.Vibrating objects produce sound waves,each vibration producing one sound wave.振动着的物体产生声波,每一次振动产生一个声
17、波。1.1 Grammar Features 2)A three-phase circuit,as it was pointed out above,is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.A three-phase circuit,as pointed out above,is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.正如上面所指出的那样,三相电路只不过是三个单相电路的组合。3)The transistor,which is working with corr
18、ectly polarities,can work as an amplifier.The transistor working with correctly polarities can work as an amplifier.工作于正确电源极性下的晶体管,作用就像放大器。1.1 Grammar Features 不定式不定式 用不定式短语来替代表示目的和功能的从句或语句(1)The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger so that the increasing demand of electric power i
19、s satisfied.The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger to satisfy the increasing demand of electric power.单台发电机的容量越来越大,目的就是满足不断增长的用电需求。(2)What does a fuse do?It protects a circuit.The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.保险的作用就是保护电路。1.1 Grammar Features(3)省略句使用频繁省略句使用频繁省略成分:状语从
20、句中的主语、全部或部分谓语;定语从句中的关系代词which和that、从句中的助词等;还常用介词短语替代从句。1)If it is possible,the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.If possible,the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.2)As illustrated in Fig.1,there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.As in Fig.1
21、,there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.就像图1所示的那样,这个闭环系统中有一个反馈元件。可能的话,这个系统应该使用开环控制方法。(精炼)1.1 Grammar Features 3)The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system which has two circuits in it.The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system with two
22、 circuits in it.这个装置包括一个互感器和一个有两个电路的继电器系统。As already discussed 前已讨论As explained before 前已解释As described above 如上所示If possible(necessary)如果可能(必要)其他常用的省略形式:其他常用的省略形式:If so 倘若如此As previously mentioned 前已提到When needed(necessary,feasible)必要时Where feasible 在实际可行的场合Where possible 在可能的情况下1.1 Grammar Feature
23、s(4)固定句型频繁使用固定句型频繁使用 1)It follows form Maxwells hypothesis that whenever there is a change in an electric field,a magnetic field is produced.2)As 结构句型 As with the metal,a semiconductor is composed of a regular geometric lattice of parent atoms.3)Given current and resistance,we can find out voltage.T
24、he speed of light being extremely great,we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.4)Well-grounded students can absorb Chapters 4 and 5 in say three weeks.It remains to be seen when Hamiltonian satisfies.Tool marks,if any,shall be lengthwise of the specimen.(准确、精炼)n5)In what follows,the expression”the
25、 velocity of a body”is understood to mean its velocity relative to the earth.nCurrent change with what is described as resistance.nAfter a chemical change,a substance is changed to something different from what it was.1.1 Grammar Features(5)复杂长句使用频繁复杂长句使用频繁1)It has been mentioned above that the elec
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