英语词汇学5-2012.8..ppt

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1、 Chapter 5 The Formation of English Words(1)Major Types Points for Thinkingn1.Is the morpheme a minimal unit in a word?Give examples to illustrate your judgment.n2.What are the relations among stems,roots and affixes?n3.Do you think there is something in common between inflectional and derivational

2、morphemes?Why or why not?n4.Give examples to state the characteristics of conversion.n5.Why do we say that compounds are usually easy to understand in meaning?5.1 Notions of Morphological Formation 5.1.1 Morpheme:is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words,not divisible or analyzabl

3、e into smaller forms.最小的有意义的单位最小的构词单位Morphemes can also be classified into roots and affixes.nWhat is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes:One morpheme-nationTwo morphemes-nation-alThree morphemes-nation-al-izeFour morphemes-de-nation-al-ize（使非国有化）More

4、 than four morphemes-de-nation-al-iz-ationnSo we can define morpheme in this way:the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit which can not be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.A morpheme is a two-f

5、acet language unit in that it possesses both sound and meaning.5.1.2 Free and bound morphemesnFree morphemes(自由自由词词素）素）：Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in senten

6、ces.A free morpheme is one that may constitute a word(free form)by itself,in the traditional sense.n能独立应用，有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。e.g.man,faith,read,write,rednBound morphemes(粘附粘附词词素素):morphemes that can not occur as separate words.It can not stand by itself as a complete utterance;it must appear with

7、 at least one other morpheme,free or bound.Unlike free morphemes,they do not have independent semantic meaning;instead,they have attached meaning or grammatical meaning.不能独立成词，只能依附于其它语素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。n e.g.-ly ,re-,-ed,-sBound morpheme can change the meaning or word class of a word,e.g.fit and unfi

8、t,broad and braoden;It can also have grammatical function,e.g.book and books.5.1.3 Content and function morphemesnMorphemes can also be divided into content morphemes and function morphemes.Content morphemes express some general sort of content,while function morphemes are heavily tied to a grammati

9、cal function,expressing syntactic relationships between units in a sentence,or categories such as number or tense.Briefly speaking,content morphemes are those morphemes that carry meaning.5.1.4 Derivational and inflectional morphemesnDerivational morphemes generally have the following characteristic

10、s:1)They change the part of speech or the basic meaning of a word.2)They are not required by syntactic relations outside the word.3)Some of them are often not productive derivational morphemes can be selective about what they will combine with and may have different effects on meaning.T nDerivationa

11、l affixes(derivational morphemes):They are so called because when they are added to another morpheme,they derive a new word.If a morpheme can change the meaning or the word class,or both the meaning and word class of a word,it is a derivational morpheme.e.g.re+write,mini+car,super+market,modern+ize,

12、mean+ness,work+er.Many derivational affixes have a specific lexical meaning,for instance:-ism means“doctrine or point of view”as in socialism.nThe main features of the inflectional morphemes are as follows:1)They do not change the basic meaning or part of speech,2)They express grammatically required

13、 features or indicate relations between different words in the sentence.3)They are productive.Inflectional morphemes typically combine freely with all members of some large class of morphemes,with predictable effects on usage or meaning.4)They occur outside any derivational morphemes.nInflectional a

14、ffixes(inflectional morphemes):Affix attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes.The inflectional affix does not form a new word with a new lexical meaning when it is added to another word.Nor does it change the word-class

15、of the word to which it is affixed.It just adds some grammatical information to the word.free=free rootmorpheme bound root bound inflectional affixes(suffix)affixes prefixes derivational affixes suffixes 5.1.5 Roots,stems and affixesnRoot,stem,baseAs defined by Bauer:A root(词词根根)is a form which is n

16、ot further analyzable,either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology.It is that part of a word-from that remains when all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.A root is the basic part always present in a lexeme.(Bauer 1983:20)e.g.un touch able sgreenhouse-green hou

17、se nBauer defines stem as follows:A stem（词干）is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology.Only Inflectional(but not derivational)affixes are added to it:it is the part of the word-form which remains when all the inflectional affixes have been removed,“A stem is any morpheme or combina

18、tion of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.e.g.friends,friendships,greenhousesnA base（词基）（词基）is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added;it may also be defined as a form to which a rule of word formation is applied.root(or base)(derivational)suffix desire able Derivation

19、al prefix analyzable base un desirable stem (or base)inflectional suffix undesirable sroot,stem,or base inflectional suffix desire dnFrom the definitions of the three terms,we can see that any root or stem can be termed a base.But a base is different from the root in that the former is(sometimes)der

20、ivationally analyzable while the later is derivationally unanalyzable.A base is also different from a stem in that both derivational and inflectional affixes can be attached to a base but only inflectional affixes can be attached to a stem.e.g.disagreements,disagreement,disagree5.2 Derivationn5.2.1

21、Features of prefixes and suffixesn5.2.2 Types of prefixes and suffixes5.3 ConversionnLexical items in English are very often created not by affixation but by conversion or zero derivation,i.e.without any affixes being attached to the root or stem.5.3.1 Properties of conversionnOften a word of one pa

22、rt of speech is converted to a word of another part of speech.Conversion of verbs into nouns and nouns into verbs is extremely productive in English.Usually the same word form can be used as a verb or a noun,with only the grammatical context enabling us to know which category it belongs to.5.3.2 Typ

23、es of conversionn1)Conversion to nounsn2)Conversion to verbsn3)Conversion to adjectivesn4)Change of secondary word classn5)Other conversions5.4 CompoundingnWhile affixation involves the addition of a bound morpheme to a root morpheme,compounding is concerned with the combination of two or more words

24、 to form a new word a compound word or a compound.nThe definition of compoundingComposition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit,a compound word.It is a common device which has been productive at every period of the English language.To

25、day the largest number of new words are formed by compounding.nForms of compoundsSolid:bedtime,honeymoonHyphenated:above-mentioned,town-planningOpen:reading material,hot linenTypes of compoundsNoun compoundsAdjective compoundsVerb compounds 5.4.1 Characteristics of compoundsn1.Compounds can be distinguished from grammatical structuresn2.Compound words have their own ways of spelling and stress patternsn3.The meaning of compound words cannot be taken for granted5.4.2 Classification of compoundsn1.Noun compoundsn2.Adjective compoundsn3.Verb compounds