初三的英语语法知识点大全.docx

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1、 初三的英语语法知识点大全 下面这则（广告）中的形容词“irresistable”里的后缀( suffix)不对，应当把“-able”改为“-ible”： “We offer: competitive monthly salary, weekly incentives, attractive transport allowance, incentive trips and irresistable performance bonus.” 究竟是“-able”，还是“-ible”?这两者有何不同? 现在先从形容词的其他后缀谈起。 形容词后缀分两大类。一类是加到名词上的;另一类是加到动词上的。 加

2、到名词上的主要有： -y，如：bloody, dirty, healthy, juicy, muddy; -ly，如：costly, friendly, lovely, orderly, timely; -ful，如：careful, faithful, helpful, peaceful, useful; -less，如：careless, harmless, noiseless, senseless, useless; -ous/-ious，如：dangerous; courageous, envious, mysterious; -al/-tal/-ial/-tial，如：acciden

3、tal, horizontal, colonial, influential; -ic/-etic/-atic，如：artistic, sympathetic, systematic; -ish，如：childish, foolish, selfish; -like，如： life-like, business-like, war-like; -ed/-en，如：skilled, horned, golden, wooden. 加到动词上的有： -ent/-ant，如：dependent, different, observant, pleasant; -able/-ible，如： agree

4、able, comfortable, defensible, sensible; -ive/-tive/-ative/-itive，如：active, attentive, imaginative, sensitive; -ed/-en，如：advanced, noted, stolen, swollen; -ing，如：annoying, disgusting, entertaining. -able/ible 消失在其次类后缀中，“-able”后缀的形容词属英语体系的字：“-ible”后缀的形容词则来自拉丁体系。前者数量大，后者数量少，主要的是下面这些，可以特殊留意： accessible

5、, apprehensible, audible, compatible, contemptible, convertible, corrigible, destructible, digestible, divisible, defensible, edible, eligible, exhaustible, fallible, feasible, flexible, forcible, horrible, illegible, intelligible, negligible, perceptible, possible, responsible, resistible, sensible

6、, suspectible, tangible, terrible, visible. 现在顺便把名词、动词和副词主要后缀提出，作为参考： 名词后缀 -ment, -t, -ture, -ion/-ition, -al, -ance, -ent, -er, -ant 等。这些名词后缀都要加到适当的动词上，如：arrangement, restraint, fixture, celebration, extension, competition, renewal, assistance, resident, exporter, attendant. -ness, -y/-ty/-ity, -th

7、, -ce/-cy 等，可以加到适当的形容词上如：darkness, kindness, honesty, loyalty, simplicity, truth, warmth, importance, absence, ungency, efficiency. 动词后缀： 加到名词上的有 -en, -ise/-ize, -fy, -ate，如：frighten, apologise, beautify, motivate. 加到形容词上的有 -ise/-ize, -en，如：modernise, realise, brighten, weaken. 副词后缀： -ly，可以加到形容词和某些名

8、词上，如：beautifully, clearly, leisurely, weekly. 每个后缀都有肯定的意思，但不能脱离词根独立生存，这点要特殊留意，以免犯错。 初三英语语法学问点（总结） 名词的误用，特殊是代名词的数和所指引的主语的数不符，使得后头谓语动词的.数也跟着出过失，真是差之毫厘，失之千里，不行不察。 这里要指出一些方向，以避开因代名词的错误而使（句子）的意思模糊不清。 怎样避开代名词的错误呢? 不要用同个代名词指引两共性别一样的名词，如： Mr Li told Mr Lin that he was wrong. 这里的 he 既可指林先生，也可指李先生，模糊不清。应当改为 或

9、： Mr Li said to Mr Lin, I am wrong. Mr Li said to Mr Lin, You are wrong. 避开把代名词和它所指引的名词隔开太远，如： The man leaned over the bench for hours working on the plan. It was too low to be comfortable. 这里的代词 it 离开名词 the bench 太远，结果关系不清晰，由于在位置上，它更适合指引 the plan.在这种状况下，只好避开 it，而用名词，即 the bench. 避开滥用指示代词“this, that

10、”或关系代词“who, which, that”泛指上文的内容。例如： Toms brother is an accountant, and this is the profession everyone envies. 这里的 this 指“accountant”。“会计师”是一种专业人士，和后头的“专业”(profession)并不相称，因此要把 this 改为 accountancy(会计工作)，才合句子的意思。 The profit from the business was large, which I realised sometime later. 这里的“which I rea

11、lised sometime later”是句形容词分句，应当消失在先行词后面，不应当脱离出来而独立。假如要用它来修饰全句话，更不合规律，应当改为或： I realised sometime later that the profit from the business was large.(主句 + 名词分句) The profit from the business was large. I realised this (matter) sometime later.(单句 + 单句) 避开用代名词“they, you, it”影射脑子里的事物，如： In Singapore, it re

12、lies heavily on tourism as a source of national revenue. 这里的 it 指向什么呢?假如是心目中的“政府”或“旅游促进局”，那就要明言，不要用不清不楚的 it： In Singapore, the government In Singapore, the Tourist Promotion Board In less industrialised countries, they do not know the problems of urban development. 这里的代名词 they 是不是指 the people(人民)?假如

13、是就用吧。In less industrialised countries, the people过后，要再提这主语时，才用 they：the peopleThey are only interested in their daily life. 其实，在这种主语不详的状况下，被动语态是最好的选择： In less industrialised countries, the problems of urban development are not known. 被动语态的动词 主动语态比被动语态直接而有力，多用主动语态，可以使（文章）布满朝气，呈现活力。在以下两组句子中， (b)比(a)有力

14、： (1) a.My first visit to New Zealand will always be remembered by me. b. I will always remember my first visit to New Zealand. (2) a.The crowing of cocks could be heard at dawn. b. The cocks crow came with dawn. 虽然如此，在某些状况下，非用被动语态不行。前此已提过这事，这里不再重述。这里只有指出其中一点，就是有些动词，如 base, schedule, expect, suppose

15、 等，通常以被动语态形式消失。 例如： (1)This survey was based on facts. (2)The last train is scheduled to leave at 9pm. (3)You are expected to come on time. (4)All are supposed to work hard. 除了上述这些动词之外，还有十种，几乎都以被动式消失。 (一)有关“疾病”的动词，如： (1)Helens left lung is infected. (2)He is confined to the house by illness. (3)The

16、old man was seized with sudden chest pains. (二)有关“疲乏”的动词，如： (4) I am completely exhausted after the game. (5)Tom was done up after the race. (三)有关“喜乐”的动词，如： (6)The children were fascinated by the toys. (7)We were delighted to hear the good news. (8) I am very pleased to see you here. (四)有关“延迟”或“障碍”的

17、动词，如： (9)The workers were held up by the heavy rain. (10)The road was blocked by ice. (11)The train was delayed by 30 minutes. (五)有关“惯性动作”的动词，如： (12)Tom is addicted to smoking. (13)Foreign workers are quite used to hard work. (六)有关“苦恼”或“着急”的动词，如： (14)Who was upset by John? (15)Mother was annoyed to

18、know this. (七)有关“惊异”或“震动”的动词，如： (16) I was surprised to see him here. (17)All were shocked to hear the bad news. (八)有关“包围”的动词，如： (18)The troops were surrounded. (19)Troy was besieged. (九)有关“沾污”或“污化”的动词，如： (20)Judys reputation is tarnished. (21)The water was contaminated with oil. (十)有关“可怕”或“混乱”的动词，如

19、： (22)All were frightened out of their wits. (23)He was puzzled about what to do next. 要留意的一点是，上面这十类动词有些已慢慢失去了动词力气，转化为惯用语。 初三英语语法学问点归纳 一、定义 过去将来时常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。过去将来时常用“would + 动词原形”或“was / were going to + 动词原形”来表达。 过去将来时的根本特征，也就是我么年今日所谈到的“立足过去，着眼将来”。它表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的某个动作或存在的某种状态。 例如：Mary told me that

20、 she would go to Shanghai by plane. 玛丽告知我说她将要坐飞机去上海。 二、用法 1.表示从过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 I didnt know when he would go to the park. He said that he would wait for me at the school gate. 此种状况常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。用“was / were going to + 动词原形”，“was / were about to + 动词原形”表示将来的动作或状态。 She told me she was going to

21、fly to Yunnan. I was about to leave the house when the telephone rang. 和一般将来时一样，也可用相应的其他形式表示。 2.过去进展时态有时可用来表示过去将来。 He said the train was leaving at five the next morning. He said he was coming to see me. 常见于come, go等瞬间动词。 (1)根本构成 A ) would + 动词原形 如：He asked me if I would stay here. 他问我是否要待在这儿。 B ) w

22、as / were going to + 动词原形 如：No one knew when he was going to finish his homework. 没有人知道他什么时候会完成作业。 C ) was/ were ( about ) to + 动词原形 如：He said that they were to leave at six. 他说他们将于6点动身。 She said that the meeting was about to begin. 她说会议就要开头了 D) come, go, arrive, leave, die 等瞬时动词，用在过去进展时态中表示过去将来。 如：

23、She told us that she was leaving for Yunnan. 她告知我们她将要去云南。 (2)根本用法 A ) 主句为过去时，宾语从句常表示将要发生的事情。 如：Nobody knew what would happen after a hundred years.没有人知道一百年之后将会发生什么事。 We wanted to know whether she was going to speak at the meeting. 我们想知道她是否预备在会上发言。 B ) 在表达过去的事情或事情发生的经过时，用过去将来时表示在当时看将来会发生的事。 如：It was

24、a Sunday afternoon. A young woman named Maria had just left school. 一个星期天的下午，一位名叫玛丽亚的年轻人刚离开学校。 He was going to start to work the next week, so she decided to buy some new clothes and a new pair of shoes. 由于她预备下周开头工作，所以，打算买些新衣服和一双新鞋子。 C ) 过去将来时还可以用来表示非真实的动作或状态。 如：If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Harvard University.假如我有时机（出国）学习的话，我就会去哈佛大学。 I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight. 今晚他能和我一起去看电影就好了。