化学专业英语翻译6.doc

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1、化学专业英语翻译606THE CLASSIFICATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDSThe Classes of Compounds该类化合物Thousands and tens of thousands of compounds are known to the chemist today. It would be impossible to learn properties and behavior of even a fraction of this number if it had to be done on the basis of individual comp

2、ounds1. Fortunately， most chemical compounds can be grouped together in a few classes. Then， if we can properly classify a compound 。we are at once aware of the general properties of the compound from knowledge of the properties of that class or group of compounds. For example. HCl is classed as an

3、acid。 and by becoming familiar with the behavior of acids as a distinct class， we are at once aware of the general properties of the compound2。 A great many of the compounds we are to study may be classified as acids， bases， salts， metallic oxides， or nonmetallic oxides。 Of these five classes of com

4、pounds, the first three acids, bases， and salts are by far the most important3成千上万的化合物是众所周知的今天的化学家。这将是不可能学的性质和行为的一部分这个号码必须完成的基础上，个人图4.幸运的是，大多数化合物可以组合在一起，在几个班。那么,如果我们能正确分类的一类化合物.我们立刻意识到的一般性质的化合物从知识的属性,阶级或集团的化合物.比如说呢。盐酸为酸。和熟悉氨基酸的行为作为一个独特的类别，我们立刻意识到的一般性质的compound2.大量的化合物，我们研究可分为酸，碱,盐，金属氧化物，或非金属氧化物.这五个类

5、别的化合物，第一三酸，碱,盐-是目前最important3When an acid, base, or salt is dissolved in water the resulting solution is a conductor of the electric current and is termed an electrolyte。 If no conduction of current occurs, the compound is known as a nonelectrolyte。当酸，碱,盐溶解在水中,由此产生的解决方案是一个导体的电流称为电解质.如果没有传导电流时，该化合物称为

6、非电解质.Classification of Common Compounds分类常见化合物By looking at the chemical formulas we may classify many common compounds in the following way. 通过在化学公式我们可以把许多常见的化合物的方式如下。1. Acids， in the conventional sense, may be recognized by noting that the H is written first in the formula and that the rest of the

7、 compound is generally nonmetallic. Ex。, HCl， H2SO4， HClO. 1。酸，在传统意义上,可能是公认的注意，他先写公式中，其余的化合物通常是非金属.例如，硫酸,盐酸，溶液。2。 Conventional bases have OH radicals written last in the formula. The first part of the formula is usually a metal。 Ex., NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Fe（OH)3, 2.传统的基地有羟基自由基的书面上的公式。第一个公式的一部分通常是一个金属。例如，氢

8、氧化钠，钙(噢）2,铁（哦)3，3。 A salt consists of a metal, written first， combined with a nonmetal or radical written last in a formula. Ex。， NaCl， Fe2(SO4）3, Ca（ClO）2。 3。盐是由金属,先写,加上非金属或写最后一个公式。例如,氯化钠，Fe 2（SO 4）3，钙（中文）2。4。 Oxides are compounds containing oxygen and only one other element。 4。氧化物的含氧化合物和只有一个元素。If

9、the element other than oxygen is a nonmetal， the oxide is classed as a nonmetal oxide or an acidic anhydride. The latter name comes about because water added to nonmetal oxides under certain conditions produces acids. Likewise, if water is removed from an acid containing oxygen， the acid anhydride (

10、without water） results. 如果元素比氧是一种非金属，氧化物被归类为非金属氧化物或酸酐。后者的名字是因为水加入非金属氧化物在一定条件下产生酸。同样，如果水是删除从含氧酸，酸酐(水）的结果。The other class of oxides， metallic oxides or basic anhydrides, consist of oxygen combined with a metal. When water is added under proper conditions to basic anhydrides, bases result and vice vers

11、a. Acids另一类氧化物，金属氧化物或碱性酸酐，包括氧结合金属。当加入水条件下基本酸酐,基地的结果，反之亦然。脂肪酸All acids in the conventional sense contain hydrogen, which may be replaced by metals。 The negative portion of the acid molecule is composed of a nonmetal or a radical （negative valence group）. These negative valence groups （except oxide an

12、d hydroxide)are often referred to as acid radicals。 All acids are covalent compounds in which the atoms are held together by a sharing of electrons. When an acid is dissolved in water, ions are formed as a result of the transfer of a hydrogen ion(proton） from the acid molecule to the water molecule-

13、for example, 所有酸在传统意义上含有氢，可取代金属。负部分酸分子组成的非金属或自由基（负化合价组）。这些消极价组（除氧化物和氢氧化物）通常称为根.所有酸都是共价化合物中的原子都是由一个电子共用。当一个是溶解于水，离子的形成所造成的转移氢离子(质子）从酸分子的水分子，例如，This is a case of coordinate valence, in which an unused pair of electrons from the water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to form a hydronium ion. The h

14、ydronium ion is a hydrated hydrogen ion or proton （H+ *H2O） and， while the ionization of acids in aqueous solution depends on its formation, we shall ordinarily use the simple H+ in writing equations。 Such equations are thereby simplified and easier to balance. 这是一个个案的坐标系，其中一个未使用的一对电子从水分子结合一个氢离子形成离子

15、离子。离子离子是一个水合氢离子或质子（氢离子*水）,而电离的酸水溶液取决于它的形成，我们通常使用简单的氢离子在写作方程。这些方程，从而简化和更容易保持平衡.,The chief characteristic of an acid is its ability to furnish hydrogen ions (protons）; therefore。 an acid is usually defined as a substance which may furnish protons。 主要特点是它有能力提供一个氢离子（质子）；因此。酸通常被定义为一种物质，可能提供质子.Properties

16、of Acids. In general, aqueoussolulions of acids are characterized by the following properties； 性能的酸。一般来说，aqueoussolulions酸具有以下属性；1。 They have a sour taste. Lemons 。oranges 。and other citrus fruits owe their sour taste to the presence of citric acid; the taste of sour milk is due to the presence of l

17、actic acid。 1。它们的味道是酸的。柠檬桔子。.和其他柑橘类水果欠他们的酸味的柠檬酸存在;口味的酸奶是由于存在乳酸.2。 They turn blue litmus paper red。 Litmus is a dye which has a red color in acid solution and a blue color in basic solution; paper which has been soaked in litmus is referred to as litmus paper. Substances of this type, which enable us

18、 to determine whether a given solution is acid or basic， are called indicators. Methyl orange and phenolphthalein are other indicators frequently used by chemists.2。他们使蓝色石蕊试纸变红。石蕊是一种染料，有一个红色的颜色在酸性溶液和蓝色颜色基本解决；纸已被浸泡在石蕊称为石蕊试纸.物质的这种类型，这使我们能够确定是否一个给定的溶液是酸性或碱性，被称为指标.甲基橙酚酞等指标经常使用的化学家。3。 They react with cer

19、tain metals to produce hydrogen. Reactions of this type were studied in connection with the preparation of hydrogen。 3。他们的反应与某些金属产生氢气。反应的这种类型的研究与制备氢气。4. They react with bases to produce salts and water. 4。他们与碱反应生成盐和水。Common strong acids are H2SO4, HNO3, HCl， HBr， and HI。 Most other acids are general

20、ly only partially ionized and consequently only moderately strong or weak。 常见的酸是硝酸，硫酸，盐酸,氢溴酸，和喜。大多数其他酸通常只能部分电离，因此只有中等程度的强弱。BasesAll metallic hydroxides are classed as conventional bases。 Of the common bases only NaOH， KOH， Ca（OH)2 and Ba（OH）2 are appreciably soluble in water. If these compounds are

21、dissolved in water， the OH is common to all of their solutions. 所有的金属氢氧化物的归类为常规基地。的共同基础溶液，氢氧化钾，钙（噢）2和文学学士（哦）2略微溶于水。如果这些化合物溶解在水中，哦是共同所有的解决方案。An aqueous solution of NH3 is also classed as a base, since OH- ions are present in the solution。 水溶液中的氨也列为基础,因为哦离子存在于溶液。In each of these compounds we find a co

22、mbination of a metal (or NH4） with the hydroxide group。 Just as the characteristic part of an acid is hydroxide ion, so the characteristic part of a base in water solution is the hydroxide ion， OH。 Later the concept of a base will be extended to include substances which do not furnish hydroxide ions

23、 in solution. 在每一个这些化合物，我们发现一个金属组合（或铵的氢氧化物组)。正如酸的特征部分是氢离子，因此特征部分基地在水溶液中的氢离子，哦。后来这个概念的一个基地将扩大到包括物质不能提供氢氧根离子在溶液中.Properties of Bases。 In general, water solutions of metallic hydroxides （bases） exhibit the following properties: 基础属性.一般来说,水溶液中的金属氢氧化物（基地）具有以下特性:1。 Bitter taste. 1。苦涩的味道。2. Soapy or slippe

24、ry feeling.3. Turn red litmus paper blue。4。 React with acids to form salts and water.5. Most metallic hydroxides are insoluble in water。 Of the common ones, only NaOH, KOH， Ca(OH)2， Ba(OH）2, and NH3 are soluble.2。肥皂或滑的感觉。3。蓝色石蕊试纸变红。4。与酸反应生成盐和水。5。大多数金属氢氧化物溶于水。最常见的，只有氢氧化钠，氧化钾，钙（噢）2，学士(哦)2,和氨溶.The comm

25、on strong bases are NaOH, KOH, Ca（OH)2, and Ba（OH)2。 Salts常见的强大基地是苛性钠，氢氧化钾，钙（噢）2，和文学学士（哦）2。盐An acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water. Hydrogen from the acid combines with hydroxide from the base to form water molecules。 酸与碱反应生成盐和水.从酸与氢氧化氢结合形成水分子从基地.The reaction of an acid with a base i

26、s called neutralization。 If all the water is removed by evaporation from the solution after the reaction， the positive ions from the base and the negative ions from the acid form a crystal lattice of solid salt. 在酸碱反应被称为中和.如果所有的水被蒸发从溶液后的反应，碱中的正离子和负离子的形式晶格的固体盐.It was shown that the compound sodium ch

27、loride， a salt， is an electrovalent compound and is ionized in the solid or crystalline state。 The crystal is made up of positive sodium ions and negative chloride ions oriented in a definite pattern. In general， most salts in the crystalline state are electrovalent and are composed of ions oriented in a definite way。结果表明，复方氯化钠，盐,是一种离子化合物和离子在固体或结晶状态。水晶是由积极的钠离子和氯离子在一定的负面导向模式。一般来说，大部分盐类的结晶状态的离子和离子组成的面向在一个明确的方式。