考研英语真题(2014考研必备考研英语历年真题考研英语.docx

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1、2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made e

2、lectronically.1, a true cashless society is probably not around the comer. Indeed,predictions of such a society have been2for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example,Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment 4twould soon revolutionize the very3ofmoney itself

3、, only to4itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so5incoming?Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work _6the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very7to set up the c

4、omputer, cardreader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the8form of payment. Second,paper checks have the advantage that they9receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to10.Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of floatM-it takes seve

5、ral days11a check is cashedand funds are12from the issuers account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the fundsin the meantime.13electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth,electronic means of payment14security and privacy concerns

6、. We often hear media reports that an unauthorizedhacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information15there.Because this is not an16occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts inelectronic payments systems and17funds by moving them from someone els

7、e,s accounts into their own. The18of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic20thatcontains a large amount of personal data on buying habits.

8、 There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby encroaching on our privacy.1. A However |B| Moreover C Therefore |D| Otherwise2. A off B back C over D around3. A power B concept C history D role4. A reward B resist C resume D reverse5. A silen

9、t B sudden C slow D steady6. A for B against Cwith D on7. A imaginative |B| expensive C sensitive |D| productive8. A similar B original C temporary D dominant9. A collect B provide C copy D print10. A give up B take over C bring back D pass down11. |A| before |B| after C since D when12. A kept B| bo

10、rrowed C released |D withdrawn13. A Unless B Until C Because D Though14. A hide B express C raise Dease15. A analyzed B shared C stored D displayed16. A unsafe B unnatural C uncommon D unclear17. A steal B| choose C benefit |D| return18. A| consideration |B| prevention C manipulation D| justificatio

11、n19. A cope with B fight against C adapt to |D| call for20. A chunk B chip CJ path D trailSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1In an essay e

12、ntitled Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modem textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,“ a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.Davidsons arti

13、cle is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly tha

14、n ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle ,But,today ,average is oflficially over. Being average just wont earn you what it used to. It cant when so many more employers have so much more acce

15、ss to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Yes, new technology has been eatin

16、g jobs forever, and always will. But theres been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, In the 10 years ending in 2(X)9,U.S. factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappe

17、ared.There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the LT. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average

18、 is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of GI.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrateA the

19、impact of technological advancesB the alleviation of job pressureC the shrinkage of textile millsD the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has toA work on cheap softwareB ask for a moderate salaryC adopt an average lifestyleD contribute somet

20、hing unique23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains thatA gains of technology have been erasedB job opportunities are disappearing at a high speedC factories are making much less money than beforeD new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most

21、important is|A| to accelerate the I.T. revolutionB to ensure more education for peopleC ro advance economic globalizationD to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?A New Law Takes Effect|B| Technology Goes CheapC Average Is Ove

22、rD Recession Is BadText 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic inclued settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a

23、 quarter of all Italian immigrants, for exanmle, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname,uccelli di passaggio, birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide nemcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them a

24、s Americans in the making, or our broken immigrantion system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We dont need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strick definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new

25、birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among todays birds of passage. They are energetic participants in

26、 a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the

27、 United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes

28、 on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing

29、system.26Birds of passage“ refers to those who|A| immigrate across the Atlantic.B leave their home countries for good.C stay in a foregin temporaily.D find pennanent jobs overseas.27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration sty stem in the US|A| needs new immigrant categories.B has

30、loosened control over immigrants.C should be adopted to meet challenges.D has been fixeed via political means.28 According to the author, todays birds of passage want|A fiancial incentives.|B| a global recognition.|C opportunities to get regular jobs.D the freedom to stay and leave.29. The author su

31、ggests that the birds of passage today should be treated _A as faithful partners.B with economic favors.C with legal tolerance.|D| as mighty rivals.30. which of the best title for the passage?A come and go: big mistake.B living and thriving : great risk.C with or without : great risk.D legal or ille

32、gal: big mistake.Text 3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; i

33、f we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to

34、 judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli arent exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo fbr just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 perce

35、nt faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else were doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influenc

36、es. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job scree ne rs are more likely to reject attractive female appli

37、cants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in 4thick sliced long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a cou

38、ple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longerevaluation; two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historica

39、lly we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasnt changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.31. The time needed in making decisions may.|

40、A| vary according to the urgency of the situationB prove the complexity of our brain reactionC depend on the importance of the assessmentD predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32. Our reaction to a fast-fbod logo shows that snao decisions.|A can be associative|B| are not unconscious|C can be dan

41、gerousD are not impulsive33. Tore verse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should.A trust our first impressionB do as people usually doC think before we act|D| ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on.A critical assessmentB4tthin sliced studyC sen

42、sible explanationD adequate information35. The authors attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is.A tolerantB uncertainC optimisticD doubtfulText4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family-friendly until women are part of seni

43、or management decisions,and Europe,s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60

44、percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24

45、companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?Personally, I don?t like quotas, Reding said recently.4tBut i like what the quotas do. Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through

46、 the glass ceiling,according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Redings reluctance-and her frustration. I dont like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by t

47、he capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position no matter how much “soft pressure “is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate poweras, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Face bookthey attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic polici