大学英语四级写作专题讲解(1).ppt

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1、大学英语四级写作专题菜单 概述概述概述概述 四级写作难点分析四级写作难点分析四级写作难点分析四级写作难点分析 学生写作现状分析学生写作现状分析学生写作现状分析学生写作现状分析 四级写作得高分技巧四级写作得高分技巧四级写作得高分技巧四级写作得高分技巧 四级作文解析四级作文解析四级作文解析四级作文解析 四级考试评分标准四级考试评分标准四级考试评分标准四级考试评分标准概述 大学英语四级新题型考试第一部分是写作，写作大学英语四级新题型考试第一部分是写作，写作写得如何会直接影响以后的做题。短文写得写得如何会直接影响以后的做题。短文写得得心应手，对后面的答题可起到事半功倍的作用，得心应手，对后面的答题可起

2、到事半功倍的作用，否则就有可能功亏一篑。四级写作的体裁包括说否则就有可能功亏一篑。四级写作的体裁包括说明文、议论文和应用文。写作的素材或要求可以明文、议论文和应用文。写作的素材或要求可以是中文、英文和图表。写作字数在是中文、英文和图表。写作字数在120120字以上，写字以上，写作的时间为作的时间为3030分钟，但你应留少量时间作最后的分钟，但你应留少量时间作最后的检查。写作既考查你的思考判断能力，也考查你检查。写作既考查你的思考判断能力，也考查你的表达能力。因此，你应对一些校园、社会新闻的表达能力。因此，你应对一些校园、社会新闻和常识有一定的认识和见解，并能够有层次地、和常识有一定的认识和见解

3、，并能够有层次地、结构完整地在文章中清楚表达你的观点。结构完整地在文章中清楚表达你的观点。四级写作难点分析四级写作难点分析 难点一：主观判分，有所影响难点一：主观判分，有所影响 难点二：体裁多样，难度较大难点二：体裁多样，难度较大 难点三：老题新出，千变万化难点三：老题新出，千变万化学生写作现状分析学生写作现状分析 1.理缺词穷 2.偏爱长句 3.重复啰嗦 4.单调无味 5.结构混乱 6.错误连篇 7.无话可说学生写作现状分析学生写作现状分析 第一、英语底子太薄。第二、词汇量太小，且对已学词汇记忆不清。第三、缺乏思想，深度不够。第四、缺乏应试技巧。四级写作高分技巧 一、卷面整洁，书写清楚。二、

4、构思简单，少犯错误。三、中心突出，层次分明。四、固定经典，名言注目。五、重在变化，宁简勿滥。一、文章的基本结构 二、写作实例分析四级作文解析文章的基本结构 概论 文章的基本结构 写作的三段论模式一、概论 文章是由段落构成，而段落的基本结构是由主题句、支撑句和结尾句所构成，它的具体结构可以用以下的图表加以表示：1/2二、文章的基本结构2/2写作的三段论模式 大学英语四级写作通常采用三段论模式，即：开头段(introduction)主体段(bodyparagraph)结尾段(conclusion)(一)开头段 开头段概论 常用的开头段的表达方法 开头段的常用核心句型开头段概论 对于大学英语四级的写

5、作考题来说，限于篇幅，其开头段一般都不长。然而，这寥寥几句话却占有十分重要的地位，它表达的是整篇文章的主题思想。在议论文中，我们称之为中心论点，它起到驾驭全文的作用。一个意义清晰、明确的开头段，将有助于读者理解全文；一个精彩、新颖的开头段还能激起读者的阅读欲望。常用的开头段的表达方法 使用引语（useaquotation）引用具体或粗略的数据（usefiguresorstatistics）提出问题（askaquestion）给出具体实例或报道（offerrelevantexamplesorreports）定义法（givedefinition）主题句法（useoftopicsentence）常用

6、的开头段的表达方法 使用引语（使用引语（useaquotationuseaquotation）使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。以确定文章的写作范围和方向。如：如：“Greatmindsmustbereadynotonlytotakethe“Greatmindsmustbereadynotonlytotaketheopportunity,buttomakethem.”Colton,agreatopportunity,buttomakethem.”Colton,agreatwriteronceremarked.Buti

7、tstillhasaprofoundwriteronceremarked.Butitstillhasaprofoundsignificancenow.Toaperson,inwhoselifetimesignificancenow.Toaperson,inwhoselifetimeopportunitiesarenotmany,tomakeopportunitiesopportunitiesarenotmany,tomakeopportunitiesismoreessentialtohissuccess.ismoreessentialtohissuccess.分析：开头引用分析：开头引用Col

8、tonColton的名言说明的名言说明“创造机会创造机会”对于成功的重要性，点明主题。对于成功的重要性，点明主题。常用的开头段的表达方法 引用具体或粗略的数据引用具体或粗略的数据（usefiguresorstatisticsusefiguresorstatistics）当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须的选择，具体做当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须的选择，具体做法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据，然后作出概括性分法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据，然后作出概括性分析，点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。析，点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。如：如：Asisdemonstratedinthetable,moreandm

9、orecollegeAsisdemonstratedinthetable,moreandmorecollegegraduatesareoutofajobinourcountry,whichisaseriousgraduatesareoutofajobinourcountry,whichisaseriousproblemtooureconomicdevelopmentandsocialsecurity.problemtooureconomicdevelopmentandsocialsecurity.Itisestimatedthatin2004,thereare500,000unemployed

10、Itisestimatedthatin2004,thereare500,000unemployedgraduates,morethan30%higherthanin2002.graduates,morethan30%higherthanin2002.分析：文章引用分析：文章引用20042004年找不到工作的毕业生达到年找不到工作的毕业生达到5050万万这一数据来说明大学生找工作难这一现象的严重性，这一数据来说明大学生找工作难这一现象的严重性，很有说服力。很有说服力。常用的开头段的表达方法 提出问题（提出问题（askaquestionaskaquestion）提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加

11、以简要回答提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。或展开引导性简短讨论。如：如：WhatdoyouwantfromyourworkMoneyPromotionsWhatdoyouwantfromyourworkMoneyPromotionsInterestingchallengesContinuallearningWork-basedInterestingchallengesContinuallearningWork-basedfriendshipsTheopportunitytodevelopyourownideaandfriendshipsTheopportun

12、itytodevelopyourownideaandpotentialsThoughweareallindividualsandsoourpotentialsThoughweareallindividualsandsoouranswerswilldiffer,allagreethatworkprovidemorethananswerswilldiffer,allagreethatworkprovidemorethanmaterialthings.materialthings.分析：文章开头提出分析：文章开头提出“你想从工作中得到什么你想从工作中得到什么”这一问这一问题，然后自问自答，指出工作除

13、了物质利益，还可以题，然后自问自答，指出工作除了物质利益，还可以给我们带来很多其它收获这一结论。给我们带来很多其它收获这一结论。常用的开头段的表达方法 给出具体实例或报道（给出具体实例或报道（offerrelevantexamplesofferrelevantexamplesorreportsorreports）给出具体生活实例或新闻报道给出具体生活实例或新闻报道如：如：Asregardsthestressforcollegestudents,thereAsregardsthestressforcollegestudents,therehasbeenaheateddiscussionamong

14、thepublicinhasbeenaheateddiscussionamongthepublicinthesociety.Itwasreportedthatastudentkilledthesociety.Itwasreportedthatastudentkilledfourofhisclassmatesjustbecauseofatrivialfourofhisclassmatesjustbecauseofatrivialmatter.Itcanbeeasilyseenthatpressurehasmatter.Itcanbeeasilyseenthatpressurehasbecomea

15、seriousissuewecannotneglect.becomeaseriousissuewecannotneglect.分析：文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例，说分析：文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例，说明了大学生心理问题的严重性。明了大学生心理问题的严重性。常用的开头段的表达方法 定义法（定义法（givedefinitiongivedefinition）针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。入探讨。如：如：Asweallknow,practicemakesperfect.ThisisanAsweallknow,practicemakespe

16、rfect.Thisisanaccumulatedexperienceweinheritfromouraccumulatedexperienceweinheritfromourforefathers,andnowitisstillwidelyappliedtoforefathers,andnowitisstillwidelyappliedtoourdailylife.Itmeansthatthemorewepractice,ourdailylife.Itmeansthatthemorewepractice,themorelikelywearegoingtodothingsperfectly.t

17、hemorelikelywearegoingtodothingsperfectly.分析：文章用分析：文章用ItmeansthatItmeansthat这一句型，说明了这一句型，说明了practicemakesperfectpracticemakesperfect的含义。的含义。常用的开头段的表达方法 主题句法（主题句法（useoftopicsentenceuseoftopicsentence）文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。绕主题内容进行发展。如：如：NowadaysoneoftheseriousproblemsChinai

18、sNowadaysoneoftheseriousproblemsChinaisfacedwithistheincreasingilliteracyamongthefacedwithistheincreasingilliteracyamongtheadolescents.AccordingtoarecentsurveybyDr.adolescents.AccordingtoarecentsurveybyDr.Li,deanofEducationalDepartmentofBeijingLi,deanofEducationalDepartmentofBeijingNormalUniversity,

19、about18%ofthechildrenNormalUniversity,about18%ofthechildrenbetween8and15yearsoldhavedroppedoutofbetween8and15yearsoldhavedroppedoutofschoolacrossthecountry.schoolacrossthecountry.分析：文章开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严分析：文章开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严重这一问题，然后再用实例数据加以佐证。重这一问题，然后再用实例数据加以佐证。开头段的常用核心句型 Asopposedtogenerallyacceptedview

20、s,IAsopposedtogenerallyacceptedviews,IbelievethatbelievethatThearguermayberightabout,butheseemsThearguermayberightabout,butheseemstoneglecttomentionthefactthat.toneglecttomentionthefactthat.Althoughitiscommonlyagreedthat,itisAlthoughitiscommonlyagreedthat,itisunlikelytobetruethat.unlikelytobetruetha

21、t.Thereisanelementoftruthinthisstatement,Thereisanelementoftruthinthisstatement,butitignoresadeeperandmorebasicfactthat.butitignoresadeeperandmorebasicfactthat.Inallthediscussionanddebateover,oneInallthediscussionanddebateover,oneimportantfactisgenerallyoverlooked.importantfactisgenerallyoverlooked.

22、开头段的常用核心句型 OnthesurfaceOnthesurface（AtfirstthoughtAtfirstthought）,it,it（thisthis）mayseemasoundmayseemasound（anattractiveanattractive）suggestionsuggestion（solution/ideasolution/idea）,butcareful,butcarefulweighingonthemindweighingonthemind（oncloseranalysis/ononcloseranalysis/onsecondthoughtsecondthoug

23、ht）,wefindthat,wefindthatAlthoughmanypeoplebelievethat,IwonderAlthoughmanypeoplebelievethat,Iwonderwhethertheargumentbearsmuchanalysiswhethertheargumentbearsmuchanalysis开头段的常用核心句型 ThedangerThedanger（problem/fact/truth/pointproblem/fact/truth/point）isisthat.that.IagreewiththeabovestatementbecauseIIag

24、reewiththeabovestatementbecauseIbelievethat.believethat.ThereisapubliccontroversynowadaysovertheThereisapubliccontroversynowadaysovertheissueof.Thosewhoobjecttoissueof.Thosewhoobjecttoarguethat.Butpeoplewhofavor,onthearguethat.Butpeoplewhofavor,ontheotherhand,arguethat.otherhand,arguethat.开头段的常用核心句型

25、 CurrentlyCurrently（Inrecentyears/InthepastfewInrecentyears/Inthepastfewyears/Formanyyearsnowyears/Formanyyearsnow）,thereis,thereis（hashasbeenbeen）a a（n n）generalgeneral（widespread/growing/widespread/growing/widelyheldwidelyheld）feelingtowardsfeelingtowards（concernover/concernover/attitudetowards/tr

26、endtowards/awarenessof/attitudetowards/trendtowards/awarenessof/realizationof/illusionof/beliefinrealizationof/illusionof/beliefin）.AsfarasIamconcerned,however,IbelievethatAsfarasIamconcerned,however,Ibelievethat.NowitiscommonlyNowitiscommonly（widely/generally/widely/generally/increasinglyincreasing

27、ly）believedbelieved（thought/held/thought/held/accepted/felt/recognized/acknowledgedaccepted/felt/recognized/acknowledged）thatthat.ButIwonder.ButIwonder（doubtdoubt）whetherwhether(二)主题段 主体段概述 主体段段落扩充方法主体段概述 主体段的写作方法是多种多样的，而不同的方法会产生不同的效果，不同的方法需用不同的组织形式。因此，在动笔之前，必须先选择好所采用的方法，然后根据自己所选的方法确定相应的结构形式，才能把文章写好

28、。主体段段落扩充方法 一、一、列举法（列举法（Listing）二、二、举例法（举例法（Exemplification）三、三、分类法（分类法（Classification）四、四、比较对照法（比较对照法（Comparison and Contrast）五、五、因果法（因果法（Cause and Effect）列举法（列举法（Listing）定义）定义 也叫枚举法。是一种在主题句中提出论点，然后列举一系列论据或原因对主题进行论证或阐述的方法。列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间顺序等进行。列举法作文例子列举法作文例子 Togetthemostoutofyourtextbooky

29、oushouldTogetthemostoutofyourtextbookyoushouldfollowseveralstepsverycarefully.First,youfollowseveralstepsverycarefully.First,youshouldmakeapreliminarysurveyofeachbooktoshouldmakeapreliminarysurveyofeachbooktogetageneralideaofwhatthebookcontains.getageneralideaofwhatthebookcontains.Second,youshouldre

30、adfordeeperunderstandingSecond,youshouldreadfordeeperunderstandingandformulatequestionsasyouread.Next,makeandformulatequestionsasyouread.Next,makenotesofthemajorpointofeachchapter.Then,testnotesofthemajorpointofeachchapter.Then,testyourselftobesurethatyoucananswerquestionsyourselftobesurethatyoucana

31、nswerquestionslikelytoberaisedinclassorinexaminations.likelytoberaisedinclassorinexaminations.Finally,reviewyournotesandrereadanypartsofFinally,reviewyournotesandrereadanypartsofthebookthatareuncleartoyou.thebookthatareuncleartoyou.常用于列举法的过渡连接词 first,second,third,etc.;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplac

32、e;firstofall,firstandforemost;tobeginwith,tostartwith;foronething,foranother;also,besides,furthermore,moreover,inaddition,whatismore;aboveall;next;beyondthat;initially;eventually,lastbutnotleast.举例法（举例法（Exemplification）定义）定义 作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容。严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过

33、举出典型事例来解释作者的观点，且事例可多可少。举例法作文例子举例法作文例子 TherearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitTherearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes.Forexample,thosewhoenjoydifferenttastes.Forexample,thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Forcompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Foranotherexample,ift

34、heyprefertoexercisealone,anotherexample,iftheyprefertoexercisealone,theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningtheycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening.Besides,peoplecangoorintheevening.Besides,peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatingintheswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter.Inshort,n

35、omatterwhattheirinterestsare,winter.Inshort,nomatterwhattheirinterestsare,peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportthatispeoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportthatissuitabletothem.suitabletothem.举例法中常见的过渡性词语 forexample,forinstance,asanexample,asanillustration,suchas/such,acaseinpointis,toillustrate,inparticu

36、lar,specifically,say,next,namely,thatis,like,takeasanexample,etc.分类法（分类法（Classification）定义 在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类地叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识。分类法作文例子分类法作文例子 Eversincehumanshavelivedontheearth,theyhavemadeuseofEversincehumanshavelivedontheearth,theyhavemadeuseofvariousformsofcommunication.Generally,

37、thisexpressionofvariousformsofcommunication.Generally,thisexpressionofthoughtsandfeelingshasbeenintheformoforalspeech,whentherethoughtsandfeelingshasbeenintheformoforalspeech,whenthereisalanguagebarrier,communicationisaccomplishedthroughsignisalanguagebarrier,communicationisaccomplishedthroughsignla

38、nguageinwhichmotionsstandforletters,wordsandideas.Touristslanguageinwhichmotionsstandforletters,wordsandideas.Touristsandthepeopleunabletohearorspeakhavehadtoresorttothisformandthepeopleunabletohearorspeakhavehadtoresorttothisformofexpression.Manyofthesesymbolsofwholewordsareveryvividofexpression.Ma

39、nyofthesesymbolsofwholewordsareveryvividandexactandcanbeusedinternationally;spelling,however,cannot.andexactandcanbeusedinternationally;spelling,however,cannot.Bodylanguagetransmitsideasorthoughtsbycertainactions,eitherBodylanguagetransmitsideasorthoughtsbycertainactions,eitherintentionallyoruninten

40、tionally.Anodsignifiesapproval,whileintentionallyorunintentionally.Anodsignifiesapproval,whileshakingtheheadindicatesanegativereaction.Otherformsofshakingtheheadindicatesanegativereaction.Otherformsoflanguagecanbefoundinsignalflags,Morsecodeandpicturesigns.languagecanbefoundinsignalflags,Morsecodean

41、dpicturesigns.常见的用以分类的词语 动词：sort(into),divide(into),classify,group,fallinto,etc.名词：sorts,classes,groups,categories,types,kinds,aspects,etc.比较对照法（比较对照法（Comparison and Contrast）定义 比较对照法由比较和对照两部分组成，但两者比较对照法由比较和对照两部分组成，但两者往往一起用以阐述两者或者更多事物间的异同，往往一起用以阐述两者或者更多事物间的异同，常用于说明文和议论文写作。比较描述的是所常用于说明文和议论文写作。比较描述的是所

42、比对象的相同、类似点，而对照则强调所描述比对象的相同、类似点，而对照则强调所描述对象之间的不同，甚至相反之处。对象之间的不同，甚至相反之处。常用的比较对照的结构模式有两种，即整块比常用的比较对照的结构模式有两种，即整块比较法和逐点比较法。较法和逐点比较法。在整块比较法中先集中描述在整块比较法中先集中描述A A，再集中描述，再集中描述B B。其模式为：其模式为：A1A1、A2A2、A3B1A3B1、B2B2、B3B3第一种模块例子 Computershavebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.Computershavebothfavorableandunfavo

43、rableaspects.First,computerscancalculate.TheycanmakeworkmoreefficientfortheyFirst,computerscancalculate.Theycanmakeworkmoreefficientfortheyhaveahighspeedofcalculation.Besides,peoplecancommunicatewitheachhaveahighspeedofcalculation.Besides,peoplecancommunicatewitheachotherbyE-mail,whichcostspeopleles

44、smoneyandlesstime.MostimportantotherbyE-mail,whichcostspeoplelessmoneyandlesstime.Mostimportantofall,computerscreatewidecommunicationaroundtheworld.Peoplecanofall,computerscreatewidecommunicationaroundtheworld.PeoplecancommunicatewitheachotherviatheInternet.Theycanmakefriendsallovercommunicatewithea

45、chotherviatheInternet.Theycanmakefriendsallovertheworld.theworld.Buteverycoinhadtwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.TobeginButeverycoinhadtwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Tobeginwith,sincecomputerscandoalotofworkforus,suchascalculation,wemaywith,sincecomputerscandoalotofworkforus,su

46、chascalculation,wemayrelytoomuchonthenandbecomelazierandlazier.Tomakemattersworse,relytoomuchonthenandbecomelazierandlazier.Tomakemattersworse,althoughitisconvenientforpeopletocommunicatewitheachotherbyE-althoughitisconvenientforpeopletocommunicatewitheachotherbyE-mail,theoriginalwarmrelationshipmay

47、becomecold,forpeoplewillhavemail,theoriginalwarmrelationshipmaybecomecold,forpeoplewillhavefeweropportunitiestotalktoeachotherfacetoface.Worstofall,computersfeweropportunitiestotalktoeachotherfacetoface.Worstofall,computerscanspreadvirusescausedbyelectronichackersresultinginalotofimportantcanspreadv

48、irusescausedbyelectronichackersresultinginalotofimportantinformationbeinglost.informationbeinglost.第二种模块及例子 逐点比较法是逐点比较法是A A、B B双方同时逐点描述，其模式为：双方同时逐点描述，其模式为：A1B1A2B2A3B3A1B1A2B2A3B3例如：例如：Aproverbsays,“Likefather,likeson.”ButtheproverbdoesntseemtofitmyAproverbsays,“Likefather,likeson.”Buttheproverbdoes

49、ntseemtofitmygrandfatherandmyfatherbecausetheyhavemoredifferencesthangrandfatherandmyfatherbecausetheyhavemoredifferencesthansimilarities.similarities.First,mygrandfatherisintroverted,whilemyfatherisextroverted.WecanFirst,mygrandfatherisintroverted,whilemyfatherisextroverted.Wecaneasilyreadwhatisonm

50、yfathersmind,butitishardtofindoutwhatmyeasilyreadwhatisonmyfathersmind,butitishardtofindoutwhatmygrandfatheristhinkingabout.Next,mygrandfatherisalwaysindifferenttograndfatheristhinkingabout.Next,mygrandfatherisalwaysindifferenttochildren.Heseldomtalkswithchildrenandthechildrenaresomewhatafraidchildr