考研语法讲义.docx

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1、考研基础语法什么是语法？语言的法则：也就是遣词造句的规律为什么学习语法？ 学习的角度： 输入与输出 输入一初试阅读、完型、翻译、新题型 复试听力 输出初试写作 复试口语语法学习综述 03年第二篇第二段第一句： For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in

2、animals no meat, no fur, no medicines. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing（供职于）an animal rights booth （摊,亭）at a recent street fair （市场,集市）was distributing a brochure（小册子）that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat, no fur （毛皮），no medicines.04年考

3、研写作真题： 18分范文第一段： The cartoon depicts a vivid picture in which an athlete, dripping sweat, is rushing to the end. Obviously, he wins the match, but this is not the key message conveyed by the picture. commencement 18分范文第一段：, The cartoon depicts a vivid picture in which an athlete, dripping sweat, is

4、rushing to the end. Obviously, he wins the match, but this is not the key message conveyed by the picture.语法学习的一个基础、两条主线 基础：简单句主线一词法、句法词法：动词的变化时态和语态 时态 时间状态 “时”分为四种：过去时、现在时、将来时和过去将来时。 “态”分为四种：般状态、进行状态、完成状态和完成进行状态。一般进行完成完成进行现在do/doesbe doing.Have/has done.Have been doing过去Didwas/were doing.Had done.H

5、ad been doing将来Will do.Will be doing.will have done.Will have been doing过去将来Would do.Would be doingWould have doneWould have been doing常考时态难点解析 (1)一般现在时：(do/does ) 表示客观事实或真理 e. gl. The earth moves around the sun. e. g2. Knowledge is power. 表示习惯性、常规性的重复动作 e. g.3. Jack always goes to school by bike. (

6、2)一般过去时(did )过去特定时间的动作或状态 I saw him in the library yesterday morning.过去的重复性动作 I wrote a letter once a week to my family when I was in my first college year. 【注】 一般现在时vs 一般过去时 The dog bites Xiao Qiang. 见一次咬一次 The dog bit Xiao Qiang. 曾经咬过,(3)现在完成时：(have/has+done)从过去一直延续到现在的动作和状态；强调过去的动作和状态对现在产生的影响和结果。

7、,常用的时间状语通常表示一段时间：already, yet, never,以及, since+点时间，, in / for / throughout /over / during+段时间；, e. g. I have worked in this company since I left school., e. g. Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die.,【注1】主句的谓语动词一般是延续性动词；如果是否定形式，主句的谓语动词可用瞬间动词。 【注2】 一般过去时VS现在

8、完成时, She was my girlfriend.（当爱已成往事） She has been my girlfriend （for two years）. （依旧你侬我侬）（4）过去完成时（had+done）:a）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。e. g: By nine o clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.b）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态e. g.: I had stayed in America for 2 years before sh

9、e moved here., When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing that3 months ago it had cloned an adult sheep （1999,阅读 T4-P1-L1） 一个苏格兰的研究团队三个月前克隆了一只成年绵羊，并于近期披露从而震惊了世界。 （5）现在完成进行时（强调动作持续性）, have done + be doing=?have been doing动作或状态从过去某时开始，进行到现在，并将继续进行下去。 e. g. These pop fans have been w

10、aiting for the famous singer for nearly three hours in the cold.【注1】现在完成进行时可以是短暂性动词,表示不断重复的动作。, e. g:Amricans have been migrating south and west in larger number since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.（1998阅读 T4-P3-L1）二战以来，美国人口一直在向南部和西部大量流动，这个趋势现在仍然在继续。, Koreans have been marrying US sol

11、diers stationed here since the 1950s. II The peak years were during the 1970s, when more than 4000 Koreans married US soldier each year., mairy短暂动词，表重复动作自1950年代以来就不断有韩国人与当地美国驻军成婚，在1970年代达到了高峰，每年有4000多韩国人嫁给美国兵。【注2】,现在完成时VS现在完成进行时 如果现在完成时中没有表示一段时间的状语(since/for)，那么它仅表示一个完成了的动作而不再继续。 She has slept. 她睡完了

12、(不困了) She has been sleeping. 她一直在睡。 (6)一般将来完成时 (shall/will have + done):将来某时必定会发生的事.I will have taught English in New Oriental School for five years by the end of next month.语态 语态描述主语和谓语间的关系 语态分两种 1.主动语态主语是动作的发起者，称为主动语态；He cleans the window. 2.被动语态主语是动作的承受者，称为被动语态。The window is cleaned by him.动词主动时态

13、一般进行完成完成进行现在do/doesbe doing.Have/has done.Have been doing过去Didwas/were doing.Had done.Had been doing将来Will do.Will be doing.will have done.Will have been doing过去将来Would do.Would be doingWould have doneWould have been doing动词的被动时态一般进行完成现在am/is/are doneam/is/are being donehave/has been done过去was/were

14、donewas/were being doneHad been done.将来Will be done./Will have been done.过去将来Would be done./Would have been done.动词主动时态变被动：, 1.动词全部变成done, 2. done前加be （形式随be前一个词而变）被动语态通式：（以一般现在时为例）,动作承受者+ am/is/are done + by施动者使用被动语态的目的 实现句式结构的多样性 2006年考研写作真题 通篇的汉语思维导致通篇的主动句式，所以我们呼唤被动句式！ 范文末段倒数第二句 In fact, some mea

15、sures have already been taken. In my university, campaigns have been launched to educate people to pay more attention to our traditional culture and read more books instead of focusing on our appearances.突出强调接受动作的一方省略动作发出者逃避责任, I broke the window this morning., The window was broken this morning. 施动

16、者不明或没必要提, I was born in Tianjin. Obama was elected as the president of USA（+by the American people ） 【注】：不及物动词没有被动语态 主动语态中的宾语要变成被动语态中的主语 带宾语的动词才能有被动语态。 注：系动词没有被动语态 He looks handsome. It feels fantastic.句法*基础：简单句*句法：从句二、简单句 主+谓,主+谓+宾 主+系+表 主+谓+宾+宾,主+谓+宾+宾补主语+谓语Man proposes;God disposes.谋事在人，成事在天主语+谓语

17、+宾语Beauty will buy no beef.主语+系动词+表语It is none of your business.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语Chatting on the Internet brings me a lot of fun.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语A hedge (树篱) between keeps friendship green.君子之交淡如水 1.什么能作主语？名词 名词性词组 代词,动名词 Doing business is one thing and doing good business is another.,不定式, To help other

18、s is to help yourself.名词性从句, That the world is round is fact.2.什么词能作谓语？ 动词 实义动词 情态动词, can/could, will/would, shall/should, may/might, must/need, have to, ought to, used to 【注】 i.一个简单句只能有一个谓语部分。 2.并列句和复合句有两个及两个以上谓语部分。并列句:几个简单句由连词(and but or)连接而成复合句:一句为主句，其余为从句，中间有引导词。 3.什么词能作系动词？ be动词： am9 is, are, w

19、as, were being, been 感官动词： feel, look, sound, smel1, taste 4.什么词能作宾语？ 同主语 5.什么词能作表语？ 形容词,名词 代词（宾格） 名词性从句,动名词 My hobby is swimming. 介宾短语, The box is on the desk. 不定式 To help others is to help yourself. 6.双宾语？ 直接宾语、间接宾语 直接宾语一动作直接作用的宾语，常常是物 间接宾语一动作间接作用的宾语，往往是人, I bought her a gift. 7宾语补足语？ 有些动词后面接宾语是意思

20、不完整，因而还需要在宾语的后面接补充宾语的补足语。 All of us called Running Fan a coward. 常见的带宾补的动词还有：, appoint, choose, vote prove, suppose, declare【注】 双宾语vs宾语补足语I bought her a gift.All of us called Running Fana coward.在两部分之间加入一个be动词， 若能说得通就是宾补结构； 若说不通就是双宾结构。三.定语从句 定语？ 修饰名词的成分。 单重定语：一个词OR词组, Adam s apple, anything possible

21、, the cat under the table, the material rising from deeper layer 多重定语：一个词OR词组 考研翻译1996（71）, reasonable consequences of particular advances in science 考研翻译2007（46）, a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person., Intellectual: adj.知识的，智力的,n.知识分子定语从句就是用一句话做定语，放在被修饰名词的后面。, The gi

22、rl who is dancing with that man is my girlfriend., the girl：先行词（定语从句所修饰名词） who：引导词引导词指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当成分连接主句和从句 定从引导词主要有： （that, which, who/whom, whose, when, where, why）【注】when= on/at whichwhere= in/on/at whichwhy = for which【注】定语从句不是完整句子！缺什么？缺先行词！The girl who is dancing with that boy 先行词弓得词定语从句is my

23、 girlfriend.定语从句：找先行词 依据：先行词先行于引导词出现定语从句缺的就是先行词 前溯找名词带入从句，看：语法是否正确意思是否正确【注】先行词一般是主句意思的中心词 前溯找名词 （2005翻译一49） Creating a European identityv that respects thedifferent cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice （

24、2005-翻译-49） Creating a European identity that respects thedifferent cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent 运 no easy task and demands a strategic choice前溯找名词（2005阅读 T4-P4-L3） As a linguist, he acknowledges that allvarieties of human language, including

25、 non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive - there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. 先行词+状语+定从 and or连接的两个名词地位相等 2004-完型 For example, changes in the economy that _30_lead_ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment

26、 _31_in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.先行词+其他定语+定从例如，经济方面的变化使得青年的就业机会更少，失业率上升，从而导致赚钱的工作日益难找。 （1994完型-45） The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorablereactions in the listener interfere with hiscomprehension. A who B as C which D what C 2006完型-12 Even when h

27、omeless individuals manage to find a _12_ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street.ABlodging shelter（寄宿处，临时住地）（避难所，收容所）C dwellingD house（住处）（房屋）限定性定语从句VS非限定性定语从句 形式上的不同（如何识别）： 引导词前有无逗号有逗号非限从无逗号限从功能上的不同：限定

28、性定语从句： 提供的是必要信息，且不能去掉，否则会引起读者理解上的困难; 非限定性定语从句： 提供的是非必要信息，可以去掉，去掉不会引起歧义； 非限先行词可以是词或词组，也可以是整个句子 Who is Mary s boyfriend?坐在角落里的男生是玛丽的男友。 The boy who sits in the corner is Mary s boyfriend. My girlfriend 1 ikes dancing with other guys, which really drives me crazy. （1998阅读-T2-P2-L3）And since 1991, produ

29、ctivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average.And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year. All the books which have pictures in them were written by him. All the books were written by him, which have pictures in them. He has a father, who

30、lives in Yunnan He has a father who lives in Yunnan 【注】当先行词充当定语从句的宾语时，引导词可以省略。, The one （whom） I love most hurts me most deeply.我最爱的人伤我最深。定语从句的简化：分词结构 从句的简化：句子一短语 精简句子，并使句式多样！ 短语？ 没有主语； 谓语动词f分词结构。 注：定语从句的简化只能是引导词在从句中作主语的情况。,现在分词结构：v.+ing,过去分词结构：v.+ed 取决于与所伴随的名词之间的关系：语态 该名词发出动作：主动关系-现在分词 该名词接受动作：被动关系

31、一过去分词 The man that I saw at the party is my teacher.,先行词作宾语 The man that saw me at the party is my teacher.先行词作主语,从句含有be动词 步骤：只需去掉引导词和be动词即可, Books that are written in English are more expensive., Books written in English are more expensive. （2006阅读-T4-P4-L1）After all, what is the one modern form of

32、expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? After all, what is the one modern form of expression which is almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? (2003-翻译63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combinedwith a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of c

33、ultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 从句不含be动词 步骤：去掉引导词，把谓语动词变成现在分词 The boy who sits in the corner is Mary s boyfriend. The boy sitting in the corner is Mary s boyfriend. (2004-完型-24) Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that chiIdre

34、n commit crimes in response to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, or as a rejection of middle-class values. (2004-完型-24)Theories which focus on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in response to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, or as a

35、rejection of middle-class values.分词结构 定语从句可以简化成分词结构； 但分词结构一定都作定语么？ 状语 伴随关系She comes in, smiling at me. 如何区分分词结构是定语还是状语？ 分词结构之前有无逗号！一句话中同一主语发出多于一个的动作时，你选择其中一个动作作主要动作一谓语动词，其他几个动作作次要动作一分词结构。 采菊东篱下，悠然见南山(陶渊明)采菊东篱下，(陶渊明)悠然见南山 Tao picked the flower. Tao saw the south mountain. Tao picked the flower, seein

36、g the south mountain. Picking the flower, Tao saw the south mountain. Police (hunt) the killer of a part-time police officer (stab)outside her home in northwest London are seeking a man _(wear) a T-shirt _(see)(run) away from the scene. Police hunting the killer of a part-time police officer stabbed

37、 outside her home in northwest London are seeking a man wearing a T-shirt seen running away from the scene.有自己主语的分词结构:独立主格 不同主语发出两个相关动作 The beautiful girl stood there. Tears streamed down her cheeks. -The beautiful girl stood there, tears streaming down her cheeks. It is Spring Festival today. We do

38、 not need to go to school. f It being Spring Festival today, we do not need to go to school.,现在分词vs动名词 动名词是动词的名词化，可视作名词，多数情况下属于句子的主干： 现在分词不是表伴随，就是作修饰（不是定语，就是状语），一般不是主干。现在弱幅祝群表即娓坏琪翦 动名词作表语：居多 说明句子的具体内容“是什么”Xiao Qiang, s job is feeding dogs.,现在分词作表语： 修饰句子主语，说明主语的性质特征，是别人对主语的感受 The result of this match

39、 is most satisfying.,过去分词作表语： 主语对其他人或物的感受 All the people are not satisfied with the quality of milk powder. 现在分词作定语：居多 一般表示被修饰名词的行为状态 通常具有进行时的意味 可以变为定语从句 a sleeping child =a chi Id who/that is sleeping a barking dog =a dog which/that is barking a reading girl =a girl who/that is reading 动名词作定语： 一般表示

40、被修饰名词的用途，不含有进行时的意味，不可直接变为定语从句 a sleeping bag =a bag used for sleeping vs a sleeping child a reading room =a room used for reading vs a reading girl四状语从句 状语：修饰动词（主要）和形容词 状语从句：用一句话作状语 关键：不同连词引导不同状语从句，表示分句间不同逻辑关系。 分类：时间状语从句： when, while, until 定从？状从？,有无一个表示时间的名词作先行词 I will never forget that day when I

41、met you. The pork was very cheap when I was a little boy 地点状语从句：where 定从？状从？ 取决于引导词之前的名词是不是地点 是地点一修饰地点一定语从句 不是地点一修饰动词一地点状语从句 When you read books, you had better make a mark at the spot where you have any question. When you read books, you had better make a mark where you have any question. 原因状语从句： b

42、ecause, for, as, since 目的状语从句： so that （以便），in order that （2003完型-35） A variety of activities should be organized _35_ participants canremain active as longA if onlyB now thatC so thatD even if条件状语从句：if, long asas they want 只要既然即使unless, provided that, on condition that, ase. g: I don t care who you

43、 are, where you are from, what you did, as long as you love me.让步状语从句： though, although, even though (if) while, whereas (2006完型-7) Not everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates range anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million._7_ the f igure may vary, analysts do agree on anot

44、her matter: that the number ofthe homeless is increasing. ANow that BAlthough CProvided DExcept that (2005完型-9) Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,_9_ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. Awhen Bsince Cfor Dwhereas While位于句首，一般表让步 (2005阅

45、读-T4-P2-L6) While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. 在20世纪60年代之前,当人们伏案写作时，即使受教育不多的人也追求一种高雅的风格，而从那以后，即使是令人景仰的文章也在追求口语风格。比较状语从句 as, thanthe more- (b) than前后必为同类事物从句可倒