2022年吉林GRE考试模拟卷1测.docx

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1、2022年吉林GRE考试模拟卷（本卷共分为2大题50小题,作答时间为180分钟,总分100分,60分及格。）单位:姓名:考号:题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分、单项选择题（共25题,每题2分。每题的备选项中,只有一个最符合题意）1.BNarrator/BListen to a part of a lecture in an ecoIogy class.Why does the professor say thisA. To describe the importance of runoff and groundwater.B. To compare the amount of run

2、off with that of groundwater.C. To show similarities between runoff and groundwater.D. To explain how runoff eventually becomes groundwater.2. BSet 2/BBMediterranean Diet/BThe Mediterranean diet is based upon the eating patterns of traditional cultures in the Mediterranean region. Several noted nutr

3、itionists and research projects have cone I uded that this diet is one of the most healthful in the world in terms of preventing such i I Inesses as heart disease and cancer, and increasing Iife expectancy.The countries that have inspired the Mediterranean diet al I surround the Mediterranean Sea. T

4、hese cultures have eating habits that developed over thousands of years. In Europe, parts of Italy, Greece, PortugaI, Spa in, and southern France adhere to principles of the Medi terranean d i et, as do Morocco and Tunisia in North Africa. Parts of the Ba I kan region and Turkey follow the diet, as

5、we I I as Middle Eastern countries I ike Lebanon and Syria. The Mediterranean region is warm and sunny, and produces large suppI ies of fresh fruits and vegetabIes almost year round that peopIe eat many times per day. Wine, bread, olive oiI, nuts, and Iegumes are other stapIes of the region, and the

6、 Mediterranean Sea has historically yieIded abundant quantities of fish.International interest in the therapeutic qua Iities of the Mediterranean diet began back in the late 1950s, when medicaI researchers started to I ink the occurrence of heart disease with diet. Dr. Ancel Keys performed an epidem

7、iological analysis of diets around the wor Id (epidemiology being the branch of pub Ii c health that stud i es patterns of di seases and the i r potent i a I causes among popu I at i ons). Ent it led the Seven Countries Study, it is considered as one of the greatest studies of its kind ever performe

8、d. In it, Keys gathered data on heart disease and i ts potent i a I causes from near ly 13, 000 men i n Greece, Italy, Croat ia, Serbia, Japan, Finland, the Netherlands, and the United States. it cone Iuded that the Mediterranean peopIe in the study enjoyed some significant health advantages. The Me

9、diterranean groups had lower mortality rates in al I age brackets and from al I causes, particularly from heart disease. The study also showed that the Mediterranean diet is as high or higher in fat than other diets, obtaining up to 40 percent of al I its calories from fat. It has, however, differen

10、t patterns of fat i ntake. Mediterranean cook i ng uses smal I er amounts of saturated fat and higher amounts of unsaturated fat, mostly in the form of olive oi I.Saturated fats are fats that are found principally in meat and dairy products, a I though avocados, some nuts, and some vegetabIe oiIs al

11、so contain them. Saturated fats are used by the body to make cholesterol, and high levels of cholesterol have since been directIy related to heart disease.Several other studies have vaIidated Keys findings regarding the good health to peopIe in Mediterranean countries. The World Health Organization

12、(WHO) showed in a 1990 analysis that four major Mediterranean countries (Spain, Greece, France, and Italy) have longer I ife expectancies and lower rates of heart disease and cancer than other European countr i es and Amer i ca. The data are s i gn i f i cant because the same Mediterraneans frequent

13、ly smoke and don t have regular exercise programs I ike many Amer icans, which means that other var iables may be responsible. Scientists have also ruled out genet i c differences, because Mediterraneans who move to other countries tend to lose their health advantages. These f indings suggest that d

14、iet and I ifestyle are major factors.The Mediterranean diet gained even more notice when Dr. Walter Wi I lett, head of the nutrition department at Harvard University, began to recommend it. AI though Iow-fat diets were recommended for sufferers of heart disease, group of Mediterraneans in his studie

15、s had very high intakes of fat, mainly from olive oil. Willett and others proposed that the r i sk of heart d i sease can be reduced by i ncreas i ng one type of d i etary fat-monounsaturated fat-the type found in olive oi I. Willett s proposal went against conventionaI nutritional recommendations t

16、o reduce al I fat in the diet. It has been shown that unsaturated fats raise the level of HDL cholesterol, which is sometimes cal led good cholesterol because of its protective effect against heart disease. Wi 11ett has also performed studies correlating the intake of meat with heart disease andcanc

17、er.The word vaIidate in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning toA. confirm.B. refute.C. disagree.D. examine.3. BSet 3/BBA Messenger from the Past/BHi s peopIe said good-bye and watched him waIk off toward the mountains. They had little reason to fear for his safety: the man was we I I dressed i n insu I

18、 ated c I oth ing and equ ipped w i th too I s needed to survive the Alpine cl imate. However, as weeks passed without his return, they must have grown worried, then anxious, and final Iy resigned, After many years everyone who knew him had died, and a note even a memory of the man remained.Then, on

19、 an improbably distant day, he came down from the mountain. Things had changed a bit: it wasn t the Bronze Age anymore, and he was a celebrity.When a melting glacier released its hold on a 4, 000-year-old corpse in September, it was quite rightIy called one of the most important archeological finds

20、of the century. Discovered by a German coup I e hiking at 10,500 feet in the Italian Tyrol near the Austrian border, the partially freeze-dried body still wore remnants of leather garments and boots that had been stuffed with straw for insulation. The hikers alerted scientists from the University of

21、 Innsbruck in Austria, whose more comp I ete exam i nat i on revealed that the man was tattooed on his back and behind his knee. At his side was a bronze ax of a type typical in southern central Europe around 2000 B C. On his expedition-perhaps to hunt or to search for metal orehe had also carded an

22、 al I-purpose stone knife, a wooden backpack, a bow and a quiver, a smalI bag containing a flint Iighter and kindling, and an arrow repair kit in a leather pouch.Such everyday gear gives an unprecedented perspective on I ife in early Bronze Age Europe. The most exciting thing is that we genu i ne I

23、y appear to be Iooking at a man who had some kind of accident in the course of a perfectly ordinary trip, says archeologist Ian Kinnes of the British Museum. These are not artifacts pIaced in a grave, but the fellow1 s own possessions.Unlike the Egyptians and Mesopotamians of the time, who had more

24、advanced civilizations with cities and central authority, the Ice Man and h i s countrymen I i ved i n a soc i ety built around sma I I v stab Ie vi 11 ages. He probably spoke in a tongue ancestral to current European languages. Furthermore, though he was a member of a farming culture, he may we 11

25、have been hunting when he died, to add meat to his family s diet. X-rays of the quiver showed that it contained 14 arrows. Whi Ie his backpack was empty, careful exploration of the trench where he died revealed remnants of animal skin and bones at the same spot where the pack lay. There was also the

26、 remainder of a pi Ie of berries. Clearly the man didn t starve to death.The trench provided him so with shelter from the elements, and he also had a braided mat of grass to keep him warm. If injury or i I Iness caused the I ce Man s death, an autopsy on the 4, 000-year-o I d v i ct i m cou I d turn

27、 up some clues. The circumstances of his death may have preserved such evidence, as we 11 as other deta iIs of his Iife. Freeze-dried by the frigid climate, his inner organs and other soft tissues are much better preserved than those of dried-up Egyptian mummies or the waterlogged Scandinavian “Bog

28、Men11 found in recent years.One concern, voiced by archeologist Colin Renfrew of Cambridge University, is that the hot TV I ights that greeted the hunter s return to civilizetion may have damaged these fragiIe tissues, jeopardizing a chance to recover additionaI precious genetic information from his

29、 chromosomes. If not, Renfrew says, “it may be possibIe to get very long DNA sequences out of this mater ial. This is far and away the most exciting aspect of the discovery.For the time being, al I biological research has I iteral ly 68 been put on ice at the University of Innsbruck while an in tern

30、ational team of experts, led by researcher Konrad Spindler, puzzlees out a way to thaw the body without destroying it. As sensationaI as it sounds, it remains to be seen how usefuI 4, 000-year-old human DNA wi 11 really be. The problem is that we are deaI ing with a single individual, n says evoluti

31、onary biologist Robert Sokal of the State University of New York at Stony Brook. In order to make statements about the popuI at i on that existed at the time, we need more specimens.The wish for more messengers from the past may yet come true. Five more bodies of mountain climbers, al I of whom died

32、 within the past 50 years, have emerged from melting Austrian mountain ice this summer. The Ice Man s return fromA. he was been buried in ice for 4,000 years.B. he lived in early Bronze Age Europe.C. his death was caused by some kind of accident.D. his belongings reflect the everyday life 4,000 year

33、s ago.4.BRead i ng Sect i on D i rect i ons /BIn this section you wi 11 read five passages and answer reading comprehension questions about each passage. Most questions are worth one point, but the last question in each set is worth more than one point. The directions indicate how many points you ma

34、y receive.You wiI I have 60 minutes to read al I of the passages and answer the questions. Some passages incIude a word or phrase that is under Iined in blue. Gl ick on the word or phrase to see a definition or an explanation.When you want to move on to the next question, click on Next. You can sk i

35、 p quest i ons and go back to them I ater as I ong as there i s t ime rema i n i ng. If you want to return to previous questions, c I i ck on Back. You can click on Review at any time and the review screen wi 11 show you which question you have answered and which you have not. From this review scree

36、n, you may go directIy to any question you have already seen in the reading section.When you are ready to continue, click on the Gontinue icon. BSet 1/BBOvercoming the Language Barrier/BThe discovery that Ianguage can be a barrier to communication is quickly made by al I who travel, study, govern or

37、 sell. Whether the activity is tourism, research, government, policing, business, or data dissemination, the I ack of a common language can severely impede progress or can halt it altogether. Common language here usual ly means a foreign Ianguage, but the same point appI ies in principle to any enco

38、unter with unfam i I iar dial ects or sty les within a single I anguage. MThey don t talk the same language has a major metaphorrical mean i ng a Iongs ide its Iiteral one.Although communication problems of this kind must happen thousands of times each day, very few become pub I ic knowledge. Pub I

39、i c i ty comes on I y when a failure to communicate has major consequences, such as strike, lost orders, legal problems, or fatal accidents- even, at times, war. One reported instance of communication fai lure took place in 1970, when severa I Amer i cans ate a spec i es of po i sonous mushroom. No

40、remedy was known, and two of the peopIe died within days. A radio report of the case was heard by a chemist who knew of a treatment that had been successfully used in 1959 and pub I i shed in 1963. Why had the American doctors not heard of it seven years later Presumably because the report of the tr

41、eatment had been pub Ii shed only in journals written in European Ianguages other than English.But i so Iated examp Ies do not give an impression of the size of the problemsomething that can come only from studies of the use oravoidance of foreign-language materials and contacts in different communi

42、cative situations. I n the Eng Iish-scient ific worId, for examp I ev surveys of books and documents consulted in I ibrar ies and other information agencies have shown that very little foreign-1anguage material is ever consulted. Library requests in the fieId of science and techno I ogy showed that

43、only 13 per cent were for fore i gn I anguage periodicals. Stud i es of the sources cited in pub Ii cat i ons lead to a similar cone I us i on: the use of fore i gn-1anguage sources is often found to be as low as 10 per cent.The Ianguage barrier presents itself in stark form to form who wish to mark

44、et their products in other countries. British industry, in particular, has in recent decades often been criticized for its Iinguistic insularity- for its assumption that foreign buyers wi11 be happy to communicate in English, and that awareness of other Ianguages is not therefore a priority. In the

45、1960s, over two-thirds of British firms deal i ng with non-Engl ish-speaking customers were using Engl i sh for outgo i ng cor responddence; many had the i r sales I i terature only in Eng I ish; and as many as 70 per cent of emp I oyees cannot commun i cate i n the customers9 Ianguages. A similar p

46、roblem was identif ied in other Engl ish-speaking countries, notab I y the USA, Austral ia and New Zea I and. And non-Eng I ish- speaking countries were by no means exempt- a I though the widespread use of Engl ish as an alternative Ianguage made them less open to the chargeof insularity.The critici

47、sm and pub I icity given to th i s problem since the 1960s seems to have greatly improved the situation. Industrial training schemes have promoted an increase in Iinguistic and cultural awareness. Many firms now have their own translation services; to take just one examp I e in Britain, Rowntree Mac

48、k i ntosh now pub Ii sh their documents in six IanguagesA. most British firms used English to correspond with non-English- speaking customers.B. many companies only had English sales literature.C. the majority of employees could speak the customersy languages.D. foreign customers were happy to commu

49、nicate in English.5. IBSet 4/BHBThe Cutt i ng Edge /BEconomists and governments agree these days on the crucial importance of foreign direct invest-ment (FDI). They see it both as the global market, s seal of approvaI on a country1 s policies and prospects, and as a force, especially in developing countries, for far- reaching econ