名词性从句思维导图.pdf

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1、名词性从句思维导图名词性从句思维导图名词性从句思维导图名词性从句思维导图表一：主语从句表一：主语从句表表一一:主主语语从从句句表表一一：主主语语从从句句（1）由连词 that 引导的主语从句。（2）用连接代词或连接副词或 whether 引导的主语从句。(3)用关系代词引导的主语从句.That you will win the medal seems unlikely。你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。That she survived the accident is a miracle.她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹Which of them escaped from the prison is

2、still a mystery。他们哪一个是从监狱里逃跑的，仍然是个谜.When they will comehasnt been made pubic.他们什么时候来还不知道。Whether she is coming or notdoesnt matter too much。她来不来都无关紧要。What you need is more practice.你所需要的是更多的训练。Whoever is top from wins the game when two matched players meet。两强相争勇者胜。Whatever we do is to serve the peop

3、le。我们无论做什么都是为人民服务。It is a mystery to me how it all happened。这一切是怎么发生的是个谜.It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.鲸鱼不是鱼，这是常识。It is no surprise that Bob should have won the game.鲍勃会赢得这场比赛，这不足为奇.It is obvious that conductors and insulators are both important inindustry.很明显导体和绝缘体在工业中都很重要。It

4、is doubtful whether she will be able to come。她是否能来令人怀疑。It is essential that he should be here by the weekend。周末之前，他应该到这里是必要的.It seems obvious that we can not go on like this.很明显我们不能这样下去了.It is thought that he is the best player。大家都认为他是最好的选1 1/1212固定用法和译法固定用法和译法(1）It is+名词+从句It is a fact that 事实是It i

5、s good news that 是好消息It is a question that 是个问题It is common knowledge that 是常识类似的名词还有：a pity;a wonder；a good thing；no wonder；surprise 等。It is necessary that 有必要It is clear that 很清楚It is likely that 很可能It is important that 重要的是类似的形容词还有：strange；natural;obvious;true；good；wonderful;possible;unlikely;qui

6、te;unusual;certain；evident;worth-while；surprising;interesting;astonishing，etc.（2）It is+形容词+从句(3）It is+过去It is said that 据说名词性从句思维导图名词性从句思维导图分词+从句It is reported that 据报道It has been proved that 已证明It must be proved that 必须指出类似的过去分词还有：known；estimated；expected；believed;thought；hoped；noted；discussed;requ

7、ired;decided；suggested;demanded；made clear;found out，etc。It seems that 好像是It happened that 碰巧It follows that 由此可见It has turned out that 结果是类似的不及物动词还有：seem,appear,occur,follow，happen,turn out,etc。手。It is used to be thought that a new star must be due to a collisionbetween two stars.过去一直认为新星是由于两颗星星之间碰

8、撞产生的.It has not been made clear when the new road is to be opened totraffic。还没弄清楚这条路将开始通车（4）It+不及物动词+从句It turned out that nobody remembered the address.结果是无人记得那个地址。It now appears that they are in urgent need of help.看起来他们急需帮助。It does not matter if I missed my train，because there is another later.没有赶

9、上这趟火车没有关系,稍晚还有一趟。(当当“及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语”较短时，也可用这种结构较短时，也可用这种结构.).)例如：It shocked me that Peter did not tell anybody where he was。让我吃惊的是彼得没有告诉任何人他在哪里。It does not interest me whether you go or not。我对你去不去不感兴趣。It+某些固定结构+主语从句。例如：It doesnt make too much difference（It doesnt make any difference/It doesnt alter t

10、hesituation）,whether it rains or not.下不下雨都没有多大关系.It does not make any difference whether it rains or not。下不下雨没什么分别。It does not make the least difference to me what you do。对我来说你做什么都无关紧要。Is it of much consequence to you that Mr.Wang has failed to do it？王先生没有做成这件事对你有什么重要影响吗？3.连接代词 who,whom，whose，what,w

11、hich,连接副词 when，where,why，how，它们起连接作用，作句子成分，各有自己的意义。表二：宾语从句表二：宾语从句表表一、宾语从1。连词 that，只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，2 2/1212eg.He knew（that）he should work hard。名词性从句思维导图名词性从句思维导图二：二：句的连接词宾宾语语从从句句表表二：二：宾宾语语从从句句二、宾语从句的语序在口语中常被省略。2.连词 if、whether，它们起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，在口语中多用 if。一般情况下,if 和 whether 可以互换，但以下 3

12、种情况只能用 whether：a。在不定式前：Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided。b。在介词前：It depends on（依靠)whether it is going to rain。c.与 or not 连用:They are talking about whether to go there or not.eg.Tom dont know if/whether his grandpa liked the present。He asked me whether or not I was coming。3。连接代词 who,whom，w

13、hose，what,which，连接副词 when，where，why,how，它们起连接作用，作句子成分，各有自己的意义。陈述语序，即“连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分”特别强调：它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述语序，而不是疑问句的倒装结构。Can you tell me who do we have to see?(）Can you tell me who we have to see？（)The teacher asked the studentswhat they were doing.(）eg。She said,“I will leave a message on the desk。”She

14、said she would leave a message on the desk。陈述句变为宾语从句时，要注意人称和时态的变化，语序不变。一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句时，也要注意人称和时态的变化，Eg。“Where are the tickets?I asked him.后面接陈述语序.I asked him where the tickets are。三、时态呼应。如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时，从句谓语的时态不受限制;如果主句谓语的时态是一般过去时，从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）eg.I thought（that）you ar

15、e free today。（)I thought（that)you would be free today.(）【注意】【注意】当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时,不管主句谓语的时态不管主句谓语的时态如何，如何，从句都用一般现在时从句都用一般现在时.eg.eg。The teacher told usThe teacher told us（thatthat）thetheearth moves around the sunearth moves around the sun。四、注意宾语从句的语气1.宾语从句一般用陈述语气，但是，当主句的谓语动词为she insisted t

16、hat he(should)go there with her.她坚决要求他跟她一起去那儿。advise，insist(坚决主张），suggest（建议),require，request，The doctor suggested that she（should)take more exercise every day。医生建order,ask（要求）等表示请求、命令、要求、主张意义的动议她每天多进行锻炼。3 3/1212名词性从句思维导图名词性从句思维导图词时,从句谓语要用虚拟语气，即用“should+动词原形”（should 往往可以省略）。2。但当 insist 表示“坚持说”，sugge

17、st 表示“暗示、He insisted thathe didnt steal her watch.他坚持说他没有偷她的手表。表明”，ask 表示“问”时，宾语从句用陈述语气His smile suggested that he did well in the interview。他的微笑表明他面试得很好。3.动词 wish 后的宾语从句也要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用I wish I were a bird。我希望我是一只鸟。过去式(针对现在情况而言）、过去完成时(针对过去情况而I wish we lived on the moon now.我希望我们现在住在月亮上。言）或用“would/sho

18、uld/could/might+动词原形”(针对将来情况而言).五、注意宾语从句的否定问题当否定宾语从句时，一般直接对从句的谓语动词进行否定。I know that he wont tell a lie to us.我知道他不会对我们说谎。He said he hadnt been to america before。他说他以前没有去过美国。但是，当主句的谓语动词为think,believethink,believe，suppose,imaginesuppose,imagine 等，若时态为一般现在时，谓语动词前又没有副词修饰时,宾语从句的否定应该转移到主句的谓语动词上。如:I dont th

19、ink that he will cometo help us today.我想他今天不会来帮我们的忙了.表三：表三：表语从句表语从句定义在一个复合句中其表语部分是一个句子，这个当表语的句子就是表语从句。表语从句位于连系动词之后。1。be 动词2。感官动词look“看起来像是smell“闻起来”sound“听起来”taste“尝起来”feel“摸起来，给感觉”3。表变化的词seem，“似乎，好像appear,“显得,看起来好像”keep,“保持的状态”remain,“仍是stay“保持（某种状态）”prove“证明是”get“变成，变得起来”fall“进入（某种状态)grow“渐渐变得起来，长

20、得”turn“转变成(新的与原来完全不同的色彩或性质)，变质（色)go“变成(某种坏的状态）become“变成，成为（好坏均可的情况）come“变成为（已知的状态）等表表连系动词三：三：表表语语从从句句表表4 4/1212名词性从句思维导图名词性从句思维导图三：三：表表语语从从句句(1）that和 whether引导的表语从句That 仅起连接作用,无 意 义，whether 意为“是否，在从句中也不 充 当 任 何 成分。what，which,who,whom,whose 等1。The fact is that he doesnt really try。事实是他没有做真正的努力。2.The

21、question is whether the film is worth seeing.问题是这部电影是否值得看.【注意】【注意】1 1。当主语是当主语是reasonreason时，表语从句要用时，表语从句要用thatthat引导而不用引导而不用because.because.e e。g g。The reason why he was late was that he missed the trainThe reason why he was late was that he missed the train。（虚线部分是定语从句）。（虚线部分是定语从句）3.whether 可引导表语从句，

22、但与之同义的if 却通常不用于引导表语从句。4。主句的主语常常是些抽象名词，如question（问题),trouble（麻烦),problem（问题），result(结果）,chance(可能性），suggestion（建议)，idea(想法)，reason(理由）等。1.That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic。那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的事情。（whatwhat在复合句中连接主在复合句中连接主句跟从句，意思是事情，在从句中作宾语）句跟从句，意思是事情，在从句中作宾语）2。That is what is called UFO

23、。那个就是被叫做 UFO 的东西。（whatwhat意为东西意为东西,在从句中作主语）在从句中作主语）3.The dress is which I buy for my mom.这件礼服是我买给我妈妈。(which(which意思是那件意思是那件,在句子中作宾语。在句子中作宾语。4.The question is who(m）we should trust.问题是我们应当相信谁。（whowho意思是谁，那个人，在句子中作宾语）意思是谁，那个人，在句子中作宾语）5。The girl is whose leggs got hurt during the earthiquake。那个女孩就是脚在地震

24、中受伤的人。(whose(whose意为什么人的，意为什么人的，在从句中作定语在从句中作定语)（2）连接代词（3)连 接副词(4）其他连接词以及短语连 接 副 词 有1.That was when I was fifteen。这是我 15 岁时发生的事。when,where,2。Thats where I first met her。那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。how,why 等3.The problem is how we can find him。问题是我们如何找到他。4.Thats why he didnt come.这就是他没有来的缘故。1）由 as if/asas if/as tho

25、ugh 表示好像的意思,though 引导Now it was as though she had known Millie for years。现在好像她认识米莉已有好多年了似的。2)由because，why 引导的表语从句Thats because he didnt understand me。那是因为他没有理解我.（Thats because。.。强调原因)Thats why he got angry with me.那正是他对我生气的原因。（Thats why.。.强调结果）what 引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason 作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that 引导，不宜用

26、 because。The reason why I was sad was that he didnt understand me。我难过的原因是他没有理解我。.5 5/1212名词性从句思维导图名词性从句思维导图注意1.表语从句一定要用陈述语序。（）The question is when can he arrive at the hotel。()The question is when he can arrive at the hotel。2.不可以用 if，而用 whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。（）The question is if the enemy is marc

27、hing towards us.（）The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.()It looked as if he had understood this question.3。不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致.（)The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow。（）The question is why he cried yesterday。4.that 在表语从句中不可以省掉。5.使用虚拟语气的表语从句在表示建

28、议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用should+动词原形”表示，should 可省略。常见的词有：advice，suggestion，order,proposal,plan,idea等。e.g。：My suggestion is that we(should)start early tomorrow。我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。同位语从句用于对前面的名词作进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。同位语从句一般由 that 引导，但也可以由 whether 以及连接代词和连接副词引导。l have no idea when he will be back我不知道他什么时候回来。He m

29、ust answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题.We heard the news that our team had won.我们听到消息说我们队赢了。Have you any idea what time it starts？你知道什么时候开始吗？It is a question how he did it.那是一个他如何做的问题。【注意】【注意】whetherwhether可引导同位语从句，但可引导同位语从句，但if if不能引导同位语从句。不能引导同位语从句。表四：表四：同位语从句同位语从句

30、表表四四同同位位语语从从句表表四四同同位位定义常放在 fact，news，idea,truth,hope，problem，promise,doubt,thought，message,words 消息 information，wish,answer,evidence,report,explanation,suggestion,conclusion,possibility等抽象名词后面,说明该名词的具体内容。【注意 1】在某些名词(如 demand,wish,They were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished。他们面对废除这个税的要

31、求。suggestion,resolution 等）后面的同位语从They expressed the wish that she accept the award.他们表示希望她接受这笔奖金。6 6/1212名词性从句思维导图名词性从句思维导图语语从从句句要用虚拟语气should+动词原形引导词引导词从属连词从属连词thatThe suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman.采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。无词义，在从句中不担任句子成分，有时可省略。主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句It is important

32、 that we should learn English well。He told us（that)he felt ill.The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do。The fact is that we have lost the game.The news that we won the game is exciting.Whether he will accept the invitation remains a secret.Attitude determines whether/if people are

33、 successful and able to enjoy life.Everything depends on whether we have enough money.It looks as if it is going to rain.He was tortured（折磨)by the doubt whether he would accept their presents.Who will win the match is still unknown。She wondered what he had done.Thats justwhat I want。The question who

34、 should do the work requires consideration.if/whether,as if 虽有词whether/义，但在从句中不作句子成分。ifas if主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句连接代词whatwhichwhowhomwhose有词义,在从句中作成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语等.主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句表五：考点梳理表五：考点梳理7 7/1212名词性从句思维导图名词性从句思维导图表表五五：考考点点梳梳理理表表五五:考考点点梳梳理理【考点一】“一分二划三看”三考 查 名 词步法性 从 句 的引导词“一分即分清从句类型：即分清从句是哪一种名词性从

35、句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）“二划”即划分出从句“三看”即看从句句意是否完整:1.句意不完整缺连接代词：指人时,用 who，whoever（作主语）；whom，whomever（作宾语）；指物时，用what，whatever（作主语、宾语)；which，whichever（作主语、宾语）。2.句意完整缺连接副词:指时间时，用when；指地点时,用 where，wherever;指原因时，用why；指方式时,用 how。3.句意完整缺不作成分的连词:有含义的用 if，whether（是否)；无含义的用 that.【考点二】考 查 名 词性 从 句 的语序问题在名词性从句中,除了

36、关联词在从句句首外,其他部分应用陈述语序。而考生们往往使用疑问语序，特别是在以wh引导的名词性从句中。克服这个问题的关键是要找准从句的主语。在试题的设置上会通过宾语从句、表语从句的语序来考查,尤其是一些与特殊疑问句有关的宾语从句或表语从句。These shoes look very good。I wonder _.A.how much cost they areB.how much do they costC。how much they costD。how much are they cost解析：选 C。根据题干中的及物动词wonder 可知,how much 引导宾语从句，而名词性从句要用

37、陈述语序，故排除疑问语序的B、D 两项；A项可以改为 how much they cost 或 how much they are worth。故选 C 项。否定转移主要针对宾语从句。在宾语从句中，当谓语动词是think/believe/suppose/imagine/guess/expect/consider等表示“认为、相信、猜测意义的词，并且主语是第一人称，时态是一般现在时，形式上是否定主句谓语动词的否定词，实际上否定的是宾语从句.在反意疑问句中,其中的附加问句要与从句保持一致，而且要把否定词转移到从句中去。I dont believe he treated the child like

38、 that,did he？Im sure youd rather she went to school by bus，_?A。hadnt youB。wouldnt youC。arent ID。didnt she解析：选 B.题干中的 be sure 同 believe,而且句子的主语是第一人称,时态是一般现在时,所以附加问句(反意疑问句)与从句保持一致。当主语从句较长，而谓语较短时，为了避免“头重脚轻”，常常将从句后置，而用 it 作形式主语，置于句首。动词后接复合宾语,也可用 it 作形式宾语。不能用 this 或 that 来代替 it。It is a pity that he cant

39、attend the party.We consider it necessary that he should improve his grammar.(that不可以省略）_ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language。A.ThereB。ThisC。ThatD.It8 8/1212【考点三】考 查 宾 语从 句 中 的否定转移【考点四】考 查 形 式主语、形式宾语名词性从句思维导图名词性从句思维导图解析：选 D。分析题干可知,it 作形式主语,代替真正的主语 that 从句.【考点五】考 查 名

40、 词性 从 句 中虚 拟 语 气的运用（1）主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和表语从句都会涉及到虚拟语气，一些表示建议、要求、命令的动词，如 insist(坚持）/suggest（建议）/order(命令）/request(要求、请求）/require(要求）/recommend(建议）/urge（催促，力劝）等后的宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即“should+do（动词原形）”,其中的 should 可以省略.对应的名词作主语跟表语从句,或对应的名词跟同位语从句,也要用虚拟语气。但是如果有其他意义则例外,如 suggest 表示“暗示”时,所跟的宾语从句就用陈述语气。The teache

41、r suggested that we(should）have a rest。It is suggested that he should adapt himself to new conditions.My suggestion that he should adapt himself to newconditions hasnt been accepted。My suggestion is that we（should)read English newspapers to improve our English。（2)主语从句中的某些句型，如Its necessary/essential/

42、strange/apity/a shame/no wonder；Its(high）time that.等句型中也常用虚拟语气，构成形式也是“should+动词原形”。It is necessary that we should master a foreign language.It is high time that the children should go to school。(should 不可以省略)用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确I believe _ you have done your best and _ things will get better解析：that

43、 在引导主语从句、表语从句和同位从句时，一般不省略。在引导宾语从句时,that 可以省略。当由两个that 引导的从句作同一个动词的宾语时，第二个 that 不可省.故第一个空可填 that，也可不填；第二空填 that。下列情况 that 不可省略：当 that 作介词宾语时，that 不可省略。The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do。当宾语从句被 it 替代时，that 不可省略.She has made it clear that she will have nothing to do with the de

44、cision。当 that 引导的宾语从句中的状语紧靠that 时,或 that 从句中含有主从复合句时，that 不可省略.Im sure that if youve lost it，you must pay for it.有插入语或其他成分把宾语从句和主句分开时，that 不可省略。He thinks,Im afraid,that he is always right.当 that 引导的宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时,that 不可省略.They said that rubbing the girls leg might help。从句的主语是 that 时,that 不可省略。

45、She says that that is a real gold ring.表六：表六：难点难点表表六六：难难点点【难点一】that 的省略问题【难点二】用一个恰当的词完成下列句子,使之完整、正确9 9/1212名词性从句思维导图名词性从句思维导图whether 与ifThe question _ he will go or not has not been decided。Please let me know _ you want to go。解析：whether 可以引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，而if 不可以。在引导宾语从句时whether 可以与 or not 直接连用，或是作

46、介词宾语，但是 if 不可以。所以第题填whether；第题填 whether 或 if 皆可。只能使用 whether 的情形如下：主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句中只能用whether。1.Whether he will succeed is still unknown 2。The question is whether it will rain.介词后的宾语从句中只用whether。That depends on whether they will come by bus.后面直接跟动词不定式时只用whether。He doesnt know whether to stay or not。

47、宾语从句中既可用 whether 也可用 if 引导，但是若后面紧接or not 时，只能用 whether.We didnt know whether or not she was ready.【即学即练】Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and_ it is rough or smooth.A。/B.whetherC。howD.what解析：选 B。根据前面的动词 tell 可知，and 连接两个并列宾语，所以后面是宾语从句,由从句中 or 可知答案。表表【难点三】用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正

48、确六六that 与 whatMy opinion is _ everyone of us takes out 5 for Janes birthday present.：_ she said puzzled him.难难解析：that 与 what 引导名词性从句的根本区别在于that 在所引导的名词性从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用；what 在所引导的从句中可点点以作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。所以第题填that；第题填 What。表表单项填空六六One advantage of playing the guitar is _ it can give you a great deal o

49、f pleasure.：A.howB。whyC.thatD.when难难解析：选 C。从句表达的就是 one advantage 的具体内容，is 后是表语从句，从句中的成分完整,所以所填引导词不作任何成分，故选C.点点 _ matters most in learning English is enough practice.A.WhatB.WhyC.WhereD.Which解析：选 A。从题干的 is 看出前面是主语从句，从句中没有主语,所以用连接代词 what。B、C 两项是连接副词,在从句中作状语,故排除。【难点四】用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确wh-ever 与 _ wa

50、nts to see this film can go with us tonight.nomatter _ cold it is,I will go to school.1010/1212名词性从句思维导图名词性从句思维导图wh解析：疑问词+ever 与 no matter+疑问词的区别是：前者既可以引导名词性从句,也可引导让步状语从句,而后者只能引导让步状语从句。第题空白处引导主语从句，须填whoever；第题空白处引导让步状语从句，填however 或 how 皆可。【即学即练】单项填空Could I speak to _ is in charge of International Sa