2020年高考英语精选考点专项突破11语法填空(说明文)11943.pdf

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1、 1 专题 11 语法填空（说明文）1.【2019全国 I】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland.While they are rare north of 88,there is evidence _61_ they range all the way across the Arctic,and as far south as James Bay in Canada.I

2、t is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been _62_(poor)studied;however,biologists calculate that there are about 20,000-25,000 polar bears worldwide.Modem methods _63_ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s,and are

3、 expensive _64_(perform)consistently over a large area.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunayut _65_(report)increases in bear sightings around human settlements,leading to a _66_(believe)that populations are increasing.Scientists have responded by _67_(note)that hungry bears may be congregating(

4、聚集)around human settlements,leading to the illusion(错觉)that populations are _68_(high)than they actually are.Of _69_ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations,three are declining,six _70_(be)stable,one is increasing,and nine lack enough data.【答案】61.that 62.poorly 63.of/for 64.to perform 65.have

5、reported 66.belief 67.noting 68.higher 69.the 70.are【解析】本文为科普类说明文。文章向我们介绍了目前北极熊的生存现状。近年来，在人类居住的地方看到北极熊的次数有所增加，这导致人们错误地认为北极熊的数量在上升，可事实并非如此。61.that 考查名词性从句。根据句子结构分析可知，主句为 there be 句型，且结构完整，空格后为同位语从句，解释说明中心词 evidence 内容，故填 that。62.poorly 考查形容词副词。分析可知，此处用副词 poorly 修饰谓语动词 has been studied，意为“研究很少”。故填 poo

6、rly。63.of/about 考查介词。此处 tracking polar bear populations 作 Modern methods 的定语，methods of/for doing sth.意为“的方法”。故填 of/for。64.to perform 考查非谓语动词。主系表结构之后，常用不定式作原因或目的状语（主语+be+adj.+to do）。句意：跟踪北极熊的现代方法只是在二十世纪八十年代以来开始采用，且在如此大区域内持续采用是很昂贵的。故填 to perform。65.have reported 考查动词时态。根据上下文语境，尤其是时间状语 in recent years

7、 可知，句中需用现在完成时态。故填 have reported。66.belief 考查词性转换。由其前不定冠词和其后 that 引导的同位语从句可知，空格处需填名词形式。故填 2 belief。67.noting 考查非谓语动词。介词 by 后填动名词形式，此处表示主动故填 noting。句意：对此，科学家们的回应是饥饿的熊可能正聚集在人类聚居地的周围。note 在此处为动词，意为“指出”。68.higher 考查形容词比较级。根据其后 than they actually are 可知，此处需用形容词的比较级，故填 higher。69.the 考查定冠词。此处特指“在已知的 19 个北极熊

8、亚种群中”。故填定冠词 the。70.are 考查主谓一致。根据 three are declining，此处数词 six 作主语，代指前文中的“polar bear subpopulations”，故需用复数谓语，时态为一般现在时。故填 are。2.【2019浙江】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。There are several reasons why school uniforms are good idea.First of all,uniforms help the school look smart.The students feel th

9、at they belong to a particular group.When every pupil in the school wears the uniform,nobody _56_(have)to worry about fashion(时尚).Everybody wears_57_ same style of clothes.Uniforms can be useful in unexpected ways,A school in Ireland has introduced an interesting new uniform.On the edge of the jacke

10、t,there is a piece of cloth _58_gives off light in the dark.When the children are walking or _59_(cycle)to school on dark mornings,car drivers can _60_(easy)see them.But can uniforms help improve school standards?The answer _61_ this question is not clear.One study in America found that students gra

11、des _62_(improve)a little after the school introduced uniforms.But some students didnt want _63_(wear)the uniform.Other American studies showed no _64_(connect)between uniforms and school performance.School uniforms are _65_(tradition)in Britain,but some schools are starting to get rid of them.Some

12、very good schools dont have a uniform policy.However,uniforms are still popular.Pupils at about 90 percent of British secondary schools wear uniforms.【答案】56.has/will have 57.the 58.that/which 59.cycling 60.easily 61.to 62.improved 63.to wear 64.connection/connections 65.traditional【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了穿校

13、服的各种好处。56.has/will have 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。本文通篇以一般现在时为主。分析句子结构可知，主语是nobody，所以谓语动词用 has。同时根据 When 引导的时间状语从句谓语动词用一般现在时态可知，主句也可以用一般将来时 will have。57.the 考查冠词。根据 same 可知，前面一定用 the，表示“同样的衣服样式”。58.that/which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导的是定语从句，先行词为 a piece of cloth，且定语从句中缺少主语，故填关系代词 that/which。3 59cycling 考查非谓语动词。根据上文 wa

14、lking 和 or 可知，此处需要与 walking 结构一致的现在分词，故填 cycling。60 easily 考查副词。根据句中 can see them 可知，需要 easy 的副词形式来修饰动词，故填 easily。【易错点拨】注意 easy 的副词是 easily，而不是 easely 或写成 easyly。61 to 考查介词。分析句子结构可知，此处是 the answer to the question 结构，表示“问题的答案”，故用介词 to。62.improved 考查谓语动词。根据空前的谓语动词 found 可知，此处 that 引导的是宾语从句，而从句中缺少谓语动词，

15、同时根据 found 可知，时态是过去时态，故填 improved。【易错点拨】注意 improved 表示“提高、改进”，此处是主动形式，而不要写成 were improved。63 to wear 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处为不定式作 want 后面的宾语，故用 to wear。【知识拓展】非谓语动词作状语时，doing 通常表示与主语同时发生且是主动关系；done 表示与主语之间是被动关系；having done 表示该动作先于主句的动作发生且与主语之间是主动关系；to do 通常表示目的。64.connection/connections 考查名词。根据 no 可知，后面需

16、要 connect 的名词形式，语意表示“联系、连接”，故填 connection/connections。65.traditional 考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处作 are 后面的表语，所以需要 tradition 的形容词形式 traditional，表示“传统的”。3.【2018全国 I】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。According to a review of evidence in a medical journal,runners live three years _61_(long)than non-runners.You don

17、t have to run fast or for long_62_(see)the benefit.You may drink,smoke,be overweight and still reduce your risk of _63_(die)early by running.While running regularly cannt make you live forever,the review says it _64_(be)more effective at lengthening life_65_ walking,cycling or swimming.Two of the au

18、thors of the review also made a study published in 2014_66_showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _67_(cause).The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do.But otherwise its probably running.To avoid knee pain,you can run o

19、n soft surfaces,do exercises to_68_(strength)your leg muscles(肌肉),avoid hills and get good running shoes.Running is cheap,easy and its always_69_(energy).If you are time poor,you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports,so perhaps we should all give_70_a try.【答案】61.lo

20、nger 62.to see 63.dying 64.is 65.than 66.that which 67.causes 68.strengthen 69.energetic 70.it running【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了跑步的好处，它可以帮助人们延年益寿。4 61.考查副词的比较级。医学报告显示：经常跑步的人比不跑步的人多活 3 年。根据 than 可知用比较级，故填 longer。62.考查不定式作目的状语。你不必跑地太快或时间太长就能看到它的好处。此处不定式作目的状语，故填 to see。63.考查动名词。你也许喝酒、吸烟或超重，但仍然通过跑步会减少早亡的风险。此处 o

21、f 是介词，其后用动名词。故填 dying。64.考查动词的时态。医学报告显示：跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。这里叙述的是一个事实，故用一般现在时。故填 is。65.考查比较句型。跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。根据文章中的 more effective 可知此处填 than。66.考查定语从句的关系词。此处 a study 是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填 that 或 which。67.考查名词复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天 5 到 10 分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填 causes。68.考查词形变化。锻炼以增强你腿上的肌肉。

22、此处 to 是不定式符合，其后用动词原形。故填 strengthen。69.考查词形变化。跑步总是让人充满活力的。根据 its 可知，系动词后用形容词作表语。故填 energetic。70.考查代词或名词的用法。我们都应该试试跑步。此处 give it a try 意为：试试。此处 it 可以指 running。故填 it 或 running。点睛：本文比较难的一个题是 10 题。短语 give it a try 不容易想出来。give a try 试试。Give sb sth；give sth to sb 这些短语学生都很清楚。但 give 后加 it 或 sth 的形式，比较少见。高考复习

23、要尽可能多的复习相关的短语，尤其是用的比较多，而课本中出现较少的短语。4.【2018全国 II】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Diets have changed in China and so too has its top crop.Since 2011,the country _61_（grow）more corn than rice.Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _62_ past 25 years,while rice has increased only 7 percent

24、.A taste for meat is _63_(actual)behind the change:An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens,pigs,and cattle.Another reason for corns rise:The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice _64_(improve)water quality.Corn uses less water _65_ rice and creates less fertilizer

25、(化肥)runoff.This switch has decreased _66_(pollute)in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.According to the World Bank,China accounts for about 30 percent of total _67_(globe)fertilizer 5 consumption.The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 20

26、05when the government _68_(start)a soil-testing program _69_ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers-and 2011,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.That prevented the emission(排放)of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide.Chinas approach to protecting its environment while _70_(feed)it

27、s citizens offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide.says the banks Juergen Voegele.【答案】61.has grown 62.the 63.actually 64.to improve 65.than 66.pollution 67.global 68.started 69.that/which 70.feeding【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文中讲述了中国为保护环境在农作物种植上做了一些变化并得到了世界上的知名认识的认可。61.考查时态。since 加时间点

28、，主句要用现在完成时。句意：2011 年以来，中国种植的玉米比水稻多。故填 has grown。62.考查冠词。句意：玉米产量在过去 25 年里增长了近 125%，而大米只增长了 7%。故是特指在过去的 25 年里。故填 the。63.考查副词。句意：对肉的需求实际上是这种变化的背后原因。句子结构完整，用副词修饰句子。故填 actually。64.考查非谓语动词。句意：为了改善水质政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是大米。没有连词可以且谓语动词是 encourages，故 improve 应该用非谓语动词。此处表示目的，故用不定式。故填 to improve。65.考查连词。句意：玉米比大米使用的水更少

29、。根据关键词 less 可知，填比较连词。故填 than。66.考查词性转换。句意：这一转变减少了中国较大的湖泊和水库的污染，使人们的饮用水更加安全。has decreased 后跟名词作宾语，故填 pollution。67.考查词性转换。句意：中国约占全球化肥总消费量的 30%。fertilizer consumption 是名词短语，故应该用形容词修饰。故填 global。68.考查谓语动词。句意：在 2005 年政府开始了一项土壤测试项目。本句是 when 引导的定语从句，由于时间是 2005 年，故用过去时。故填 started。69.考查定语从句关系词。根据空后的谓语动词 gives

30、 可知，该空缺少主语，指代 program 并且引导后面的句子。指物用 that/which，故填 that 或者 which。70.考查省略句。句意：中国在养活了中国人民的同时又保护了环境。这一做法为全世界的农业和粮食政策制定人提供了很有用的经验。空格处表示正在进行的动作，while 后面省略掉了 China is，省略句的原则：在时间状语从句、条件状语从句、，让步状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致且含有 be 动词时，那么可以把主语和 be 动词一块省略。故填 feeding。6 点睛：学会分析句子成分。The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture fin

31、ds that between 2005-when the government started a soil-testing program which/that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers-and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.这句话中有两个定语从句。一个是关系副词 when 引导的定语从句，先行词是 2005，the government 是主语，a soil-testing program 是宾语，故此空缺少谓语动词，我们可以看出时态是一般过去

32、时。另一个是关系代词指代 program 引导的定语从句，先行词是 program，gives 是第三人称谓语动词，可以看出是考查关系词。代指物并作主语，关系词要用 that/which。5.2017全国卷阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。There has been a recent trend in the food service industry towards lower fat content and less salt.This trend,which was started by the medical community(医学界)61._ a

33、 method of fighting heart disease,has had some unintended side 62._(effect)such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight.Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet.They are required 63._(process)the food that we eat,to recover from injury and for s

34、everal other bodily functions.When fat and salt 64._(remove)from food,the food tastes as if it is missing something.As 65._ result,people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.Even 66._(bad),the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.Fast food 67._ (be)full of fat and

35、salt;by 68._(eat)more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心)between meals and will improve the taste of your food.However,be 69._(care)not to go to extremes.Like anything,it is possible to h

36、ave too much of both,70._ is not good for the health.【答案】61.as 62.effects 63.to process 64.are removed 65.a 66.worse 67.is 68.eating 69.careful 70.which 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了对于食物中的脂肪和盐分，人们的态度不一。脂肪和盐分对于健康来说是必不可少的，但如果人们摄入过多的脂肪和盐分，自身的健康将会受到损害。61.as 考查介词。这个做法最初是医学界作为一种对抗心脏病的形式开始的。as 表示“作为”，故填 as。62.effects

37、 考查名词复数。分析语境可知作者表达的意思是“一些意料之外的副作用”，根据前文的 some 可知副作用有很多，故填 effects。63.to process 考查不定式。需要它们来加工我们所吃的食物。require 表示“要求”，require to do sth 表示“要求做某事”，被动形式为 be required to do sth，表示“被要求做某事”。故填 to process。64.are removed 考查被动语态。此处意思是“当脂肪和盐分从食物中被去掉后”。分析可知 fat，salt 和 remove 7 之间是被动关系，脂肪和盐分是被人们去掉，所以用被动语态。故填 are

38、 removed。65.a 考查冠词。固定短语 as a result 表示“结果是”。结果是，人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。故填 a。66.worse 考查比较级。更糟糕的是，人们所吃的快餐的数量增加了。故填 worse。67.is 考查主谓一致。fast food 的意思是“快餐”，表示一类食物，为不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。故填 is。68.eating 考查动名词。根据前文中的 by 可知此处应该填 eat 的动名词形式。故填 eating。69.careful 考查形容词。分析语境可知 be 后面应该用形容词作表语，故填 careful。70.which 考查非限制性定语从

39、句。分析句子结构可知 which is not good for the health 为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前文中的 to have too much of both，即“摄入过多的脂肪和盐”。故填 which。6.2017全国卷阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometres and allowed people to avoid te

40、rrible 61._(crowd)on the roads above as they travelled to and 62._ work.It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method.This included digging up the road,63._(lay)the track and then building a strong roof over 64._ top.When all those had been done,the road surface was repla

41、ced.Steam engines 65._(use)to pull the carriages and it must have been 66._(fair)unpleasant for the passengers,with all the smoke and noise.However,the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months,more than 25，000 people were using 67._ every day.Later,engineers 68._(manage)to

42、construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道),which became known as the Tube.This development was only possible with the 69._(introduce)of electric-powered engines and lifts.The Central London Railway was one of the most 70._(success)of these new lines,and was opened in 1900.It had white-painte

43、d tunnels and bright red carriages,and proved extremely popular with the public.【答案】61.crowds 62.from 63.laying 64.the 65.were used 66.fairly 67.it 68.managed 69.introduction 70.successful【解析】文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了伦敦地铁的发展史。61.crowds 考查名词复数。伦敦人口众多，导致路面交通拥堵，于是修建地铁。用 crowds 这一复数形式，表示不断涌现的人群，用来形容人口稠密。62.

44、from 考查介词。与前面的介词 to 一起来表示上下班(to and from work)。8 63.laying 考查非谓语动词。此处用 lay 的动名词形式 laying 与前面的 digging 形成并列。该词填空难度较大，若考生未辨明 lielying/lay/lain 和 laylaying/laid/laid 等特殊词形变化会导致错误。64.the 考查冠词。此处特指铁轨上方的顶部工程。65.were used 考查动词语态。蒸汽机(注意复数名词形式)被用来作为火车动力。66.fairly 考查副词。副词修饰形容词。67.it 考查代词。it 指代伦敦地铁。68.managed

45、考查动词时态。描述地铁发展演变过程用过去时态。69.introduction 考查名词。该词在此作 with 的宾语，意思是“引入方法、手段”等。由于其后带有介词 of，故只能用 introduction。70.successful 考查形容词。形容词与定冠词连用，相当于名词，由于该词后有介词 of 结构，故只能用形容词。7.(2017浙江 11 月高考)Easy Ways to Build Vocabulary Its not all that hard to build an advanced and large vocabulary.Like many things in life,it

46、s 1.ongoing process,and the best part of the process is that theres enough room for improvement,2.means youll just keep getting better and better.Of course you have to work at it.You wouldnt think that a few 3.(month)of exercise in your teens would be enough 4.the rest of your life,and thats also tr

47、ue for building your vocabulary you have to keep at it daily,and pretty soon you will find that you have an excellent vocabulary.One of the 5.(effect)ways to build vocabulary is to read good books.You need to 6.(real)read at least one good book a week,preferably a classic.This isnt as hard as it 7.(

48、sound),and it is far better than any other method because you improve your vocabulary while 8.(read)an interesting piece of literature.Another nice thing is that you learn both new words and 9.(they)use unconsciously,meaning that you will tend to use the words 10.(learn)this way in conversations alm

49、ost automatically.【答案】1.an 2.which 3.months 4.for 5.effective 6.really 7.sounds 8.reading 9.their 10.learned/learnt【解析】本文讲述了扩大词汇量的简易方法。1.an 由语境可知此处用不定冠词 an 表示泛指。2.which 分析句子结构可知,空格处所填的词指代逗号前的 theres enough room for improvement,which 在句中为关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,并在从句中作主语。9 3.months month 为可数名词,由 a few 可知 mont

50、h 应用复数形式。4.for be enough for sth 意为“对来说已足够”。5.effective 此处要表达的是“有效的方法之一”,因此填形容词。6.really 此处应用副词修饰不定式 to read。7.sounds 本句意为“这件事并不像听起来那么难”,描述的是一般事实,且主语为 it,因此用 sound 的第三人称单数形式。8.reading 逻辑主语 you 与动词 read 为主动关系,故用现在分词 reading.作状语;也可视为状语从句 while you are reading.的省略形式。9.their use 在此处是名词,故用形容词性物主代词 their