助动词和情态动词43357.pdf

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1、助动词和情态动词 教学目的：了解助动词和情态动词的用法 教学重点：情态动词的用法 教学难点：情态动词+完成式 学时数：一、助动词 助动词本身无词义，它只是用来帮助主要动词构成各种时态、语态、语气以及否定和疑问结构，助动词共有 5 个：be,have,shall,do,will。下面分别讲述这五个助动词的用法：.be 的形式和用法 助动词 be 有八种形式：肯定式 缩略肯定式 否定式 缩略否定式 原形 be 现在式第一人称单数 am m am not arent m not 现在式第三人称单数 he,she,it is s is not isnt s not 现在式第二人称单、复数和第一、三人称

2、复数 you,we,they are re are not arent re not 过去式第一、三人称单数 I,he,she,it was was not wasnt 过去式第二人称单、复数和第一、三人称复数 you,we,they were were not werent 现在分词 being not being 过去分词 been not been Note:在英国英语中，arent 使用很广泛。在美国英语中使用较多的是被认为非标准的 aint。助动词 be 的主要用法是：1.与现在分词构成各种进行时态及与 have 和现在分词构成完成进行进态 (1)Fear of crime is s

3、lowly paralyzing American society.犯罪恐惧症正逐渐地使用美国社会陷于瘫痪。(2)The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answereD.电话铃响了三分钟才有人接。2.与过去分词构成被动语态 (1)He was an ardent fighter for freedom and indepen dence.He was loved by millions and hated only by a handful.他是个争取自由和独立的热诚战士，为成百万人所爱戴，为仅仅一小撮人所

4、仇恨。(2)They came to Europe where their mother had been educated and stayed three years.他们来到他们的母亲受教育的欧洲，并待了三年。3.此外，be 还可用作连系动词，如：It was one of the happiest afternoons he had ever spent.那是他有生以来最愉快的一个下午。.have 的形式和用法 助动词 have 有五种形式：肯定式 缩略肯定式 否定式 缩略否定式 原形 have ve have not havent ve not 现在式第三人称单has s has n

5、ot hasnt 数 s not 现在式第三人称单数 has s has not hasnt s not 过去式 had d had not hadnt d not 现在分词 having not having 过去分词 had 助动词 have 的主要用法是：1.与过去分词构成各种完成时态 (1)Newton has explained the movments of the moon from the attractions of the earth.牛顿阐明了月球受到地球引力而运行的规律。(2)Reluctantly,she opened the door,she had not kep

6、t it locked;there had been no need.她勉强地开了门。她没有锁门，也没有必要锁门。2.与 been+现在分词构成各种完成进行时态 (1)Men have been digging salt out of it for six hundred years and yet there seems as much left as ever.人们在这里掘盐已六年，但盐似乎还是那么多。(2)In another months time Mr Henry will have been tea ching here for exactly thirty years.再过一个月

7、，享利先生就将在这里从事教学整 30 年了。3.此外，have 还可用作实义动词，意谓”有”、”吃”等 (1)Bad news has wings.丑事传千里。(2)Youre anaemic,you must have some iron.你患贫血症了，应该服一些铁。4.have 还可用作使役动词 (1)We now have the problem solved.我们现已把这个问题解决了。(2)I had a tooth out this afternoon.我今天下午拔了一颗牙。Note:have 用作实义动词时不能使用缩略式。词组 have to 有情态意义，详见”情态动词”。.do

8、的形式和用法 助动词 do 有三种形式：肯定式 否定式 缩略否定式 原形 do do not dont 现在式第三人称单数 does does not doesnt 过去式 did did not didnt Note:do 用作实义动词时有现在分词 doing 和过去分词 done.助动词 do 的主要用法是：1.构成现在一般时和过去一般时的疑问句 (1)Do you always carry an umbrella 你经常带伞吗 (2)Did everything come off all right 一切都进行的有顺利吗 2.构成现在一般时和过去一般时的否定句 (1)She didnt

9、cool down for hours after that argument.在那场争辩之后，她有好几个小时都没平静下来。(2)Dont worry,he will be brought to book for his wickedness one day.别担心，他的恶行总有一天要受到惩罚的。3.用于替代，以避免重复 (1)May I come round in the morning 上午我可以来拜访你吗 Yes,please do.可以，请来吧。（do 替代 come round）(2)I dont like coffee and neither does my wife.我不喜欢咖啡

10、，我妻子也不喜欢。(does 替代 like)4.用于强调 (1)My parents think I didnt study for my exams,but did study.我爸爸妈妈认为我考试前没有复习，但我是复习了。(2)Although I have little time for entertainment,I do go to the theatre once in a while.虽然我很省有时间娱乐，一但我有时间就去看戏。(3)Were very pleased that she does intend to come.她的确打算来，我们非常高兴。(4)The lette

11、r we were expecting never did arrive.我们期待的信一直没有到。(5)Do you remember how kind she was 你记得她多友善吗 I certainly do remember.当然记得。5.用于恳求 (1)Do come to the party tonight.务请今晚来参加晚会。(2)Do be quiet!请别作声！6.此外，do 还可用作实义动词，意谓”做”，”干”等等 (1)Shes doing her knitting.她正在编织衣物。(2)She interrupted him before his speech was

12、 done.她不等他把话说完就打断了他。(3)Bad books do great harm.坏书有很大害处。(4)Will you do me a favour 你愿帮我个忙吗 (5)Jane is doing the dishes.珍妮正在洗碟子。(6)I will is do my best.我愿尽力而为。(7)That will do.行了（或够了）。Note：如用其它时态，疑问句的助动词须提至主语前，否定句的助动词之后加 not 如：(1)Will he be able to hear at such a distance 离这么远，他会听得到吗 (2)You havent been

13、 abroad before,have you 你以前没出过国，是吗 .shall(should)和 will(would)的形式和用法 助动词 shall（过去式 should）和 will(过去式 would)有下列几种形式：肯定式 缩略肯定式 否定式 缩略否定式 shall ll shall not shant should should not shouldnt will ll will not wont ll not would d would not wouldnt d not 助动词 shall(should)和 will(would)可用于构成各种将来和过去将来时态，shall

14、(should)用于第一人称，will(would)用于第二、第三人称。在当代英语（尤其是美国英语中）will(would)常用于一切人称。1.shall 用于各种将来时态第一人称（当代英语多用 will）(1)We shall be going away tomorrow by an early train.我们将于明日搭早班火车离开。(2)I shall let you know as soon as I have heard from them.我一接到他们的信、当即告诉你。2.should 用于各种过去将来时态的第一人称（当代英语多用 would）(1)So this was the

15、place where I should study for the three made a bad first impression.后来，这就是我学习三年的地方，它给我的第一个印象可不好。(2)The BCC weather report this morning said that we should have rain.英国广播公司今晨的天气预报说，我们这儿将有雨。3.will 用于各种将来时态的第二、第三人称 (1)They will be looking for anyone connected with her.他们将寻找每一个与她有往来的人。(2)The play is co

16、ming off in August-By then the play will have been running for three months.这个剧将于八月停演到那时它将连演三个月了。4.would 用于各种过去将来时态的第二、第三人称 (1)They said it would be fine.人们说天气会很好。(2)They would have finished by five oclock.他们将于五时前完工。Note:shall(should)和 will(would)可用作情态动词。详见”情态动词”。should 和 would 可以构成虚拟语气，详见”虚拟语气”。二、情

17、态动词 情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。情态动词有一定词义；不受主语人称和数的变化影响；与主要动词的原形（或称不带 to 的不定式）一起构成谓语（除 ought to 作固定词组看待）。下面分别介绍情态动词的用法：1.can(could)1）表示能力，could 主要指过去时间。Two eyes can see more than one.两只眼比一只眼看得清。Could the girl read before she went to school 这女孩上学前能识字吗 2）表示可能（理论上或是逻辑判断上）。The temperature can fall to 60,that i

18、s 60 below freezing.气温可降至60，也就是零下 60。He cant(couldnt)have enough money for a new car.他不可能有足够的钱买新车。You mustnt smoke while youre walking around in the wood.You could start a fire.在林子里走时勿吸烟，那样可能会引起火灾。3）表示允许。Can I have a look at your new pen 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗 He asked whether he could take the book out of th

19、e readingroom.他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。4）表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。Where can(could)they have gone to 他们会去哪儿了呢 He cant(couldnt)be over sixty.他不可能超过六十岁。How can you be so careless 你怎么这么粗心 5）比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。Can(Could)you lend me a hand 帮我一把好吗 Im afraid we couldnt give you an answer today.恐怕我们今天不能给你答 复。2.may

20、(might)1）表允许，might 可以指过去时间，也可指现在时间，语气更委婉。You may take whatever you like.你喜欢什么就拿什么。He told me that I might smoke in the room.他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。May(Might)I ask for a photo of your baby 我 可 以 要 一 张 你 宝 宝 的 照 片 吗？在回答以 may 引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式，如Yes,please./Certainly./Please dont./Youd better not./No,you must

21、nt.等，以免显得太严峻或不客气。2）表可能（事实上）。可以指过去时间，也可以指现在时间，但语气更加不肯定。He may be at home.他可能在家。She may not know about it.她可能不知道这件事。He was afraid they might not agree with him.他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。They might be having a meeting,but Im not sure.他们有可能在开会，不过我不肯定。3.must 1）表示义务。意为”必须”（主观意志）。We must do everything step by step.我们

22、一切都必须循序渐进地做。You mustnt talk to her like that.你不可能那样对她说话。-Must we hand in our exercisebooks now 我们现在就要交练习本吗 -No,you neednt./No,you dont have to.不必。（这种情况下，一般不用 mustnt）2）表示揣测。意为”想必、准是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。He must be ill.He looks so pale.他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。Shes wearing a diamond necklace.She must have a lot of money.她

23、戴着钻石项链，一定很有钱。4.shall 1）表征询意见，用于第一、第三人称疑问句。Shall I get you some tea 我给你点茶好吗 Shall the boy wait outside 让那男孩在外面等吗 What shall we do this evening 我们今晚做什么 2）表说话人的意愿，有”命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思，用于第二、第三人称陈述句。You shall do as I say.按我说的做。（命令）You shall have my answer tomorrow.你明天可以得到我的答复。（允诺）He shall be sorry for it on

24、e day,I tell you.有一天他会后悔的，我告诉你。（警告）Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。（决心）5.will 1）表意愿，用于各种人称陈述句。I will do anything for you.我愿为你做任何事。None is so blind as those who wont see.不愿看的人眼最瞎。If you will read the book,Ill lend it to you.如果你愿意读这本书，我会把它借给你。2）表请求，用于疑问句。Will you close

25、 the window Its a bit cold.请你把窗户关上好吗有点冷。Wont you drink some more coffee 再来一点咖啡好吗 3）表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。Fish will die out of water.鱼离开水就不能活。The door wont open.这门打不开。The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点，看着车辆行人通过。6.should 1）表义务。意为”应该”（某件事宜于做），用于各种人称。You should be

26、polite to your teachers.你对老师应该有礼貌。You shouldnt waste any time.你不应该浪费时间。2）表推测，意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。The film should be very good as it is starring firstclass actors.这部新电影是一流演员主演的，估计拍得很好。They should be home by now.照说他们现在应当已经到家了。7.would 1）表意愿。They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed.他们不让他进去因

27、为他衣着破旧。I said I would do anything for you.我说过我愿意为你做任何事。2）表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。Would you like another glass of beer 再来杯啤酒好吗 Would you mind cleaning the window 请把窗户擦一下好吗 They wouldnt have anything against it.他们不会有什么反对意见。3）表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。Every time she was in trouble,she would go to him for help.她每遇到麻烦都会

28、向她求助。他告诉我盒子打不开了。8.ought to 1）表义务，意为”应该”（因责任、义务等该做），口气比 should 稍重。You are his father.You ought to take care of him.你是他父亲，应当管他。You oughtnt to smoke so much.你不应该抽这么多烟。2）表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较弱。Han Mei ought to know his telephone number.韩梅该知道他的电话号码。Theres a fine sunset;it ought to be a fine day tomorrow.今天有晚霞，

29、明天应该是个好天。9.used to 表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。He used to live in the countryside,but now he lives in the city.他过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。He didnt use to smoke cigarettes.He usednt to smoke cigarettes.Didnt Maria use to be interested in the theatre？Usednt Maria to be interested in the theatre 此外，“情态动词现在完成

30、式”是一种较活跃的语法现象，在各种考试中屡见不鲜。现将其用法归纳如下：I对过去行为发生的可能性的推测 1“mustmay might 现在完成式”表示对过去行为是否发生的可能性程度不同的肯定推测。1）“must现在完成式”这一用法是指说话人对过去所发生的事情的肯定推 断，含有逻辑上的必然性。例如：He must have gone to the clinic他一定是去医务室了。They started early this morning；they must have arrived by now他们一大早就启程了，现在一定到了。2）“may 现在完成式”表示从现在看来过去可能发生某事。可译为

31、“曾经”、“一度”、“也许”等。例如：He may have missed the train他可能没有赶上火车。3）“might 现在完成式”表示“可能、也许、已经”，但事实上并未如此。例如：I might have come to a wrong conclusion我可能得出了错误的结论。2表示对过去行为可能性的否定推测 1）“could can not现在完成式”表示以现在的眼光看来，过去不可能发生 的事。可译为“不可能或不至于”。例如：They couldnt have left so soon他们不可能那么早就走了。They cant have missed the way（The

32、yve been to the zoo before）他们不可能迷路。（暗含他们以前去过动物园。）I cant have seen him我不可能见过他。2）“may not 现在完成式”表示“不一定发生过、未必发生过”等。3）“might not 现在完成式”表示“不一定就、也可能不、未免有点不”。II表示说话人的语气 1表示委婉批评 1）“could 现在完成式”含有埋怨或训斥的口气。例如：I could have lent you the moneyWhy didnt you ask me 我本来可以把钱 借给你的。你为什么没有向我借呢 2）might 现在完成式 You might a

33、t least have answered my letter你至少可以回我一封信嘛。You might have been more careful你本可以再细心一些。2表示惊奇或怀疑 “could can 现在完成式”常用在疑问句中。例如：Where（can）could they have gone 他们可能到哪里去了呢 How could they have forgotten such an important meeting 他们怎么能忘记这么重要的会议呢 III表示说话人认为过去的行为应该或不应该发生 1“should ought to 现在完成式”表示说话人认为该做而实际未做的事

34、。例如：They ought to have done that but they didnt他们本应该这样做。He should have told me the news earlier他本应该早些告诉我这消息。2“should notought not to 现在完成式”表示过去做了不该做的事。例 如：You oughtnt to have done that你这么做是不应当的。You should not have gone up to college so soon（But you did）你本不应该这么早就上大学的。They shouldnt have come他们本不应该来。IV

35、表示不必要性。表示说话人对过去已做的事情持否定态度，或认为此事根本没必要做。常用句式为“neednt 现在完成式”。例如：I neednt have hurried我大可不必这么急。The war neednt have cost mankind so many lives-It neednt have happened在那场战争中本来不必有那么多人丧生，不仅如此，本来就是一场不必要的战争。V表假设。“wouldnt现在完成式”表示与事实相反的动作，实际上已经做了，但假设没有做。可译为”就不会、决不会”等。例如：If not for these armed forces,the situati

36、on in chins would never have been what it is today!要是没有这些军队，中国绝无今天的局面！三、专项练习 1.If it is fine tomorrow,we _ a football match.A.have B.will have C.has D.shall has 2.When he was at school,he _ early and take a walk before breakfast.A.will rise B.shall rise C.should rise D.would rise.3.In the past 30 ye

37、as China _ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist consruction.A.has made B.have made C.had made D.having made 4.I _ go to bed until I _ finished my work.A.dont/had B.didnt/have C.didnt/had D.dont/have 5._ you think he _ back by dinner time A.Do/have come B.Did/will have come C.Does

38、/will come D.Do/will have come 6.He said that he dropped his bag when he _ for the bus.A.was runing B.was running C.were running D.is running 7.No sooner _ he arrived home than he _ to start on another journey.A.has/was asked B.have/were asked C.had/is asked D.had/was asked 8.“_ you give me a room f

39、or the night”I asked on arriving at the hotel.A.Should B.Can C.Might D.May 9.There are nine of them,so _ get into the car at the same time.A.they may not at all B.all they may not C.they cant all D.all they cant 10.“We didnt see him at the lecture yesterday.”“He _ it.”A.mustnt attend B.cannot have a

40、ttended C.would have not attended D.neednt have attended 11.“You realize that you were driving at 100 mph,dont you”“No,officer.I _.This car cant do more than 80.”A.didnt need to be B.may not have been C.couldnt have been D.neednt have been 12.He was a good runner so he _ escape from the police.A.mig

41、ht B.succeeded to C.would D.was able to 13.If they _,our plan will fall flat.A.are co-operating B.had not co-operated C.wont co-operate D.didnt co-operate 14.I hoped _ my letter.A.her to answer B.that she would answer C.that she answers D.her answering 15.He _ live in the country than in the city.A.

42、prefers B.likes to C.had better D.would rather 16._ to see a film with us today A.Did you like B.Would you like C.Will you like D.Have you liked 17.Im sorry,but I had no alternative.I simply _ what I did.A.must do B.had to do C.ought to have done D.have to do 18.“Time is running out,_”A.hadnt we bet

43、ter got start B.hadnt we better get start B.hadnt we better get started D.hadnt we better not started 19.No one _ that to his face.A.dares say B.dares saying C.dare say D.dare to say 20.The students in the classroom _ not to make so much noise.A.need B.ought C.must D.dare 21.You _ last week if you w

44、ere really serious about your work.A.ought to come B.ought to be coming C.ought have come D.ought to have come 22.The elephants ought _ hours ago by the keepers.A.to be fed B.to feed C.to being fed D.to have been fed 23.“I wonder why theyre late.”“They _ the train.”A.can have missed B.could miss C.m

45、ay have missed D.might miss 24.“Tom graduated from college at a very young age.”“He _ have been an outstanding student.”A.must B.could C.should D.might 25.You _ the examination again since you had already passed it.A.neednt have taken B.didnt need to take C.neednt take D.mustnt take Answers：1-5 BDAC

46、D 6-10 BDBCB 11-15 CDCBD 16-20 BBCCB 21-25 DDCAB 四、自测练习 1.He is really incompetent!The letter _ yesterday.A.should be finished typing B.must be finished typing C.must have finished typing D.should have been finished typing 2.The boy told his father that he would rather _ an astronaut.A.become B.to b

47、ecome C.becoming D.became 3.When we reached the station,the train had still not arrived;so we _.A.needed not to hurry B.neednt have hurried B.need not to have hurried D.didnt need to hurry 4.Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend,_you like to have dinner with us tonight A.will B.won

48、t C.wouldnt D.do 5.He was afraid what he had done _ a disastrous effect on his career.A.might have B.could be C.have been D.shall be 6.He _ hardly say anything more,since you know about it.A.dont need to B.neednt C.needs D.need 7.You _ the look on his face when he won the prize.A.would have seen B.s

49、hould have seen C.must see D.can be seeing 8.Some people think the stock market will crash,but _.A.I wonder if it happens B.I doubt if it will happen C.I am afraid it wouldnt happen D.I doubt if it does happen 9.“Whatever has happened to George”“I dont know.He _ lost.”A.can have got B.may have got C

50、.might get D.could get 10.He has no idea what the book is about.He _read the book.A.couldnt B.couldnt have C.mightnt have D.shouldnt have 11.New studies show that two of Saturns rings _ longer than the billion years since the birth of the Solar System.A.could have lasted B.should have lasted C.would