2013理工[1]14871.pdf

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1、 1 13）Better Solar Energy Systems:More Heat,More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems,or PVTs,generate both heat and electricity,but (1)until now they havent been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector.Thats because they operate at low temp

2、eratures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells,which lets the silicon generate more(2)electricity but isnt a very efficient way to gather heat.Thats a problem of (3)economics Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower (4)cost And

3、 it，s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof,leaving little room for thermal applications.In a pair of studies,Joshua Pearce,an associate professor of materials science and engineering,has devised a (5)solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different

4、kind of silicon.His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queens University,Canada.Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon，but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon,(6)commonly known as thin-f

5、ilm silicon.They dont create as much electricity,but they are lighter,f lexible,and cheaper.And,because they(7)require much less silicon,they have a greener footprint.Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are (8)vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.“Th

6、at means that their efficiency (9)drops when you expose them to light pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,”Pearce explains，which is one of the(10)reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.However,Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around t

7、he Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new (11)type of PVT.You dont have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work.In fact，Pearces group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures，near the boiling(12)point of water,they could make thicker c

8、ells that largely (13)overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect.When they applied the thin-f ilm silicon directly to a solar thermal energy (14)collector,they also found that by baking the cell once a day，they (15)boosted he solar cells electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.48-Researchers Discover Why

9、 Humans Began Walking U pright 研究人员发现人类开始直立行走的原因 1.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the f irst two paragraphs?A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items.2.Dr.Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of finding B what made our

10、ancestors walk upright.3.Kyoto,Universitys study discovered that chimpanzees.C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.4.Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto Universitys experiment?D Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.5.What can we infer from the reading

11、passage?D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival.15）“Liquefaction”Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage The massive subduction zone1 earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil liquefaction2 that has surprised researchers with its (1)widespread severity,a new analy

12、sis shows.Weve seen localized3 examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before,but the distance and (2)extent of damage in Japan were unusually severe,said Scott Ashford,a professor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon State University5.Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the se

13、diments,Ashf ord said.The shifts in soil destroyed water,drain and gas pipelines6,crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to (3)function .We saw some places that sank as much as four feet.Some degree of soil liquefaction7 is common in almost any major earthquake.Its a pheno

14、menon in which soils soaked with water,particularly recent sediments or sand,can lose much of their (4)strength and flow during an earthquake.This can allow structures to shift or sink or (5)collapse .But most earthquakes are much (6)shorter than the recent event in Japan,Ashford said.The length of

15、the Japanese earthquake,as much as f ive minutes,may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this.With such a long-lasting earthquake,we saw (7)how structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt

16、 as the shaking continued for several more minutes,he said.And it was clear that younger sediments,and especially areas built on (8)recently filled ground,are much more vulnerable.The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake,researchers said,should make it possible to improve the understan

17、ding of this soil (9)phenomenon and better prepare for it in the future.Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly，(10)before damage was removed in the recovery efforts.Theres no doubt that well learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reduc

18、e risks in other similar (11)events,Ashford said.Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction,such as better compaction to make soils dense,or use of reinforcing stone columns.Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerabl

19、e to liquefaction-on the coast,near river deposits or in areas with filled ground.The young sediments,in geologic terms,may be those (12)deposited within the past 10,000 years or more.In Oregon,for instance,that describes much of downtown Portland,the Portland International Airport and other cities.

20、Anything (13)near a river and old flood plains is a suspect,and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake.Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to (14)prevent collapse.Japan has suffered tremendous losses

21、 in the March 11 earthquake,but Japanese construction (15)standards helped prevent many buildings from collapse-even as they tilted and sank into the ground.50-Cell Phones Increase Traffic,Pedestrian Fatalities 手机增加交通行人死亡 1.The two new studies,lead-authored by Professor Peter D.Loeb D both A and C.2

22、.According to the second paragraph,when did cell phones actually help to reduce pedestrian and traffic fatalities?B Before the number of cell phone users reached a critical mass 3.What is said about cell phone use in paragraph 4?B The number of traffic deaths was reduced in the late 1980s and part o

23、f the 1990s due to cell phone use.4.What is said about cell phone use in the mid-1980s in paragraph 5?A It had a life-taking effect because there werent enough cell phones in use then.5.Which of the following statements DOES NOT answer the question What caused the life-saving effect to occur in the

24、early 1990s?B The number of cell phone users reached about 100 million.2 14）Sharks Perform a Service for Earths Waters It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy1.They are thought to(1)attack people frequently.But these fish2 perform a (2)valuable service for earths w

25、aters and for human beings.Yet business and sport fishing3 are threatening their (3)existence Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from (4)Earth.Warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity.Many fish swim near coastal areas (5)because of their warm waters.Experts say sharks may follow

26、the fish into the same areas,(6)where people also swim.In fact,most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans.They are thought to mistake a person (7)for a sea animal,such as a seal or sea lion.That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up.Those are the (8

27、)times when sharks are looking for food.Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack.A shark has an extremely good sense of smell4 It can find small amounts of substances in water,such as blood,body liquids and (9)chemicals produced by animals.These powerful (10)s

28、enses help sharks fred their food.Sharks eat fish,any (11)other sharks,and plants that live in the ocean.Medical researchers want to learn more about the sharks body defense,and immune(12)systems against disease.Researchers know that sharks (13)recover quickly from injuries.They study the shark in h

29、opes of finding a way to fight human disease.Sharks are important f or the worlds (14)oceans They eat injured and diseased fish.Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too (15)great This protects the plants and other f orms of life that exist in the

30、 oceans.41 D B D D B 42-Renewable Energy Sources 可再生能源 1.What are the energy resources that are not renewable according to the article?D A and B.2.Chinas Three Gorges Dam C is the largest of all the hydroelectric dams in the world.3.Which is the country with thefirst commercial power station that ma

31、kes use of ocean currents produced by tides?B Norway.4.Which of the following statements is true of wind power?D All of the above.5.According to the article,resources such as wind B are renewable so sustainable.43 A B D C A 44 B D A A D 45-Small But Wise 小而聪明 1.What is so special about WISE?C Its di

32、gital camera can help astronomers to see the unknown space.2.Which is NOT the synonym for the word“snap”in the third paragraph?A make.3.The camera on WISE C catches the infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does not.4.Which of the following is NOT correct about“asteroids”according to paragrap

33、h7?A Asteroids float through space giving off visible light.5.What is implied in the last aragraph?B Brown dwarfs give off infrared radiation.46-Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as Ecosystem Engineers 蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”对环境影响巨大 1.Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers?C Because their activity aff

34、ects the environment.2.As predators,ants A prey on small as well as large animals.3.Dir Sanders study centered on how ants D produce such a big impact on the environment.4.What does paragraph 6 tell us?B Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.5.What still rem

35、ains unclear about ants,according to the last paragraph?C How do human activities affect ants influence on a given ecosystem?47-Listening to Birdsong 倾听鸟鸣 1.What does the first paragraph say about zebra finches?C)Male zebra finches change their songs in female zebra finches presence.2.What did the r

36、esearchers fred in their study of female zebra finches?A)Female finches liked songs male finches sang for them.3.What is meant by concert songs in the seventh paragraph?B)Songs sung by male finches for female finches.4.What is NOT true of directed communication?D)Male zebra finches sing to themselve

37、s.5.Which of the following can best reflect the theme of the passage?.B)Birdsongs as communication.49-U.S.Scientists Confirm Water on Mars 美国科学家确认火星上有水 1.What was discovered by NASAs Phoenix Mars Lander on Mars?C)Water in a soil sample.2.Why did the first two attempts to deliver samples fail?C)The s

38、amples got stuck inside the scoop.3.Which one of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer?A)Scientists have been trying to break the ice-rich layers of soil on Mars.4.Where are the scientists involved in the research from?C)They are from both America and Canada.5.Which of the following do you think is the best description of Phoenixs Surface Stereo Imager Camera,according to your understanding of the passage?A)It imitates human vision and is able to capture three-dimensional images.