考研英语习题及答案解析13239.pdf

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1、.研究生入学考试英语二 真题及参考答案 Section I Use of English Directions：Read the following te*t.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered black and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users,a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech.But that very anonymity is also behi

2、nd the e*plosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 Last month,Howard Schmidt,the nations cyber-czar,offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a voluntary trusted identity system

3、 that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key,a fingerprint and a photo ID card,all rolled 6 one.The system might use a smart identity card,or a digital credential 7 to a specific puter.and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online iden

4、tity systems.User could 9 which system to join,and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems.The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet drivers license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among panies that already have t

5、hesesingle sign-on systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a walled garden n cyberspace,with safeneighborhoods and bright streetlights to establish a sense of a 13 munity.Mr.Schmidt described it as a voluntary ecosystem in

6、 which individuals and organizations can plete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs.Still,the administrations plan has 16 privacy rights activists.Some applaud the approach;others are concerned.It se

7、ems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a pulsory Internet drives license mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some puter security e*perts,who worry that the voluntary ecosystem envisioned by Mr.Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19.They

8、argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves,in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1.Aswept B skipped C walked D ridden 2.Afor B within C while D though 3.Acareless B lawless C pointless D helpless 4.Areason B reminder C promise D pr

9、oposal.5.Ainformation B interference C entertainment D equivalent 6.Aby B into C from D over 7.Alinked B directed C chained D pared 8.Adismiss B discover C create D improve 9.Arecall B suggest C select D realize 10.Areleased B issued C distributed D delivered 11.Acarry on B linger on C set in D log

10、in 12.AIn vain B In effect C In return D In contrast 13.Atrusted B modernized C thriving D peting 14.Acaution B delight C confidence D patience 15.Aon B after C beyond D across 16.Adivided B disappointed C protected D united 17.Afrequently B incidentally C occasionally D eventually 18.Askepticism B

11、tolerance C indifference D enthusiasm 19.Amanageable B defendable C vulnerable D invisible 20.Ainvited B appointed C allowed D forced 答案解析：15 ACBDD 610 BACCB 1115 DBACA 1620 ADACD Section II Reading prehension Part A Directions:Read the following four te*ts.Answer the questions after each te*t by ch

12、oosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Te*t 1 Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outside director in January 2000:a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism.

13、But by the end of 2009 Ms.Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldmans pensation mittee;how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked By February the ne*t year Ms.Simmons had left the board.The position was just taking up too much time,she said.Outside directors are suppos

14、ed to serve as helpful,yet less biased,advisers on a firms board.Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief e*ecutives proposals.If the sky,and the share price is falling,outside directors should be able to give advice

15、 based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004.Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one pro*y statement to the ne*t.The most likely reas

16、on for departing a board was age,so the researchers concentrated on those.surprise disappearances by directors under the age of 70.They fount that after a surprise departure,the probability that the pany will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%.The likelihood of being named

17、 in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases,and the stock is likely to perform worse.The effect tended to be larger for larger firms.Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive,it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off

18、a sinking ship.Often they trade up.Leaving riskier,smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks,even if a review of history shows they were on

19、the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.Otherwise outside directors will follow the e*ample of Ms.Simmons,once again very popular on campus.21.According to Paragraph 1,Ms.Simmons was criticized for

20、 _ .Againing e*cessive profits Bfailing to fulfill her duty Crefusing to make promises Dleaving the board in tough times 22.We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be _ .Agenerous investors Bunbiased e*ecutives Cshare price forecasters Dindependent advisers 23.According to t

21、he researchers from Ohio University after an outside directors surprise departure,the firm is likely to _ .Abee more stable Breport increased earnings Cdo less well in the stock market Dperform worse in lawsuits 24.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors _ .Amay stay for th

22、e attractive offers from the firm Bhave often had records of wrongdoings in the firm Care accustomed to stress-free work in the firm Dwill decline incentives from the firm 25.The authors attitude toward the role of outside directors is _ .Apermissive Bpositive Cscornful Dcritical Te*t 2 Whatever hap

23、pened to the death of newspaper A year ago the end seemed near.The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already.fled to the internet.Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom.Americas Federal Trade mission launched a round of talks

24、 about how to save newspapers.Should they bee charitable corporations Should the state subsidize them It will hold another meeting soon.But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession.Even American

25、newspapers,which inhabit the most troubled e of the global industry,have not only survived but often returned to profit.Not the 20%profit margins that were routine a few years ago,but profit all the same.It has not been much fun.Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard.The American

26、 Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007.Readers are paying more for slimmer products.Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs.Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and,sadly for many journalists,they can be pushed

27、further.Newspapers are being more balanced businesses,with a healthier mi*of revenues from readers and advertisers.American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads.Fully 87%of their revenues came from advertising in 2008,according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation&De

28、velopment(OECD).In Japan the proportion is 35%.Not surprisingly,Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive.Car and film reviewers have gone.So have sc

29、ience and general business reporters.Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off.Newspapers are less plete as a result.But pleteness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26.By saying Newspapers like their own doom(Lines 3-4,Para.1),the author indicates that newspaper_ .Aneglected the sign

30、of crisis Bfailed to get state subsidies Cwere not charitable corporations Dwere in a desperate situation 27.Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because _ .Areaders threatened to pay less Bnewspapers wanted to reduce costs Cjournalists reported little about these areas Dsubs

31、cribers plained about slimmer products 28.pared with their American counterparts,Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they _ .Ahave more sources of revenue Bhave more balanced newsrooms Care less dependent on advertising Dare less affected by readership.29.What can be inferred from the l

32、ast paragraph about the current newspaper business ADistinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.Bpleteness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.CForeign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.DReaders have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30.The most appropria

33、te title for this te*t would be _ .AAmerican Newspapers:Struggling for Survival BAmerican Newspapers:Gone with the Wind CAmerican Newspapers:A Thriving Business DAmerican Newspapers:A Hopeless Story Te*t 3 We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and

34、 growth,with soldiers returning home by the millions,going off to college on the G.I.Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses,it was a time of mon sense and a belief that less could truly be more.During the Depression and the war,Americans had learned to live with

35、less,and that restraint,in bination with the postwar confidence in the future,made small,efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living.The phrase less is more was actually first popularized by a German,the architect Ludwig Mies van

36、der Rohe,who like other people associated with the Bauhaus,a school of design,emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools.These designers came to e*ert enormous influence on the course of American architecture,but none more so that Mies.Miess

37、 signature phrase means that less decoration,properly organized,has more impact that a lot.Elegance,he believed,did not derive from abundance.Like other modern architects,he employed metal,glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future.M

38、iess sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient,rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicagos Lake Shore Drive,for e*ample,were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their old

39、er neighbors along the citys Gold Coast.But they were popular because of their airy glass walls,the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings details and proportions,the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward less was not entirely foreign.In

40、the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The Case Study Houses missioned from talented modern architects by California Arts&Architecture ma

41、gazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another.homegrown influence on the less is more trend.Aesthetic effect came from the landscape,new materials and forthright detailing.In his Case Study House,Ralph everyday life few American families acquired helicopters,though most eventually got clothes dryers

42、 but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31.The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans_ .Aprosperity and growth Befficiency and practicality Crestraint and confidence Dpride and faithfulness 32.Which of the following can be inf

43、erred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus AIt was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.BIts designing concept was affected by World War II.CMost American architects used to be associated with it.DIt had a great influence upon American architecture.33.Mies held that elegance of architectural design _ .Awas

44、 related to large space Bwas identified with emptiness Cwas not reliant on abundant decoration Dwas not associated with efficiency 34.What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicagos Lake Shore Drive AThey ignored details and proportions.BThey were built with materials popular at that time.C

45、They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.DThey shared some characteristics of abstract art.35.What can we learn about the design of the Case Study House AMechanical devices were widely used.BNatural scenes were taken into consideration CDetails were sacrificed for the overall effect.DEco-f

46、riendly materials were employed.Te*t 4 Will the European Union make it The question would have sounded strange not long ago.Now even the projects greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a Bermuda triangle of debt,population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems,the EU f

47、ace an acute crisis in its economic core,the 16 countries that use the single currency.Markets have lost faith that the euro zones economies,weaker or stronger,will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency,which denies unpetitive members the quick fi*of devaluation.Yet

48、the debate about how to save Europes single currency from disintegration is stuck.It is stuck because the euro zones dominant powers,France and Germany,agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone,but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stric

49、ter rules on borrow spending and petitiveness,barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a countrys voting rights in EU ministerial councils.It insists that eco

50、nomic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club,among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour;in the inner core alone,Germany fears,a small majority favour French interference.A southern camp headed by French wants something different:European e