托福TPO3阅读真题原文及答案翻译Part3.docx

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1、托福TPO3阅读真题原文及答案翻译Part3 托福TPO作为托福的模考工具，它的题目对于我们备考托福很有参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面我给大家整理了托福TPO3阅读真题原文Part3，望喜爱！ 托福TPO3阅读真题原文Part3 The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the ter

2、m "succession" to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communit

3、ies are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes-in plant numbers and the mix of species-are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years. An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a

4、year's time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem. At one time, ecologists believed that species diversit

5、y made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded tha

6、t the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a t

7、emperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests. The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what "stability" means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax c

8、ommunity would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilienc

9、e. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state. Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximu

10、m diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models

11、 of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability-just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child's tricycle. Ecologi

12、sts are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United S

13、tates, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community's resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery. Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities

14、 comes not from diversity but from the "patchiness" of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Ev

15、en if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact. Paragraph 1: Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists

16、use the term "succession" to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional pla

17、nt communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes-in plant numbers and the mix of species-are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years. 托福TPO3阅读真题题目Part3 1. The word "particular" in the passage is

18、 closest in meaning to natural final specific complex 2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities? They occur at the end of a succession. They last longer than any other type of community. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change. T

19、hey remain stable for at least 500 years at a time. Paragraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year's time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the propertie

20、s of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem. 3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond? Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system. The stability of an ecos

21、ystem tends to change as individuals are replaced. Individual organisms are stable from one year to the next. A change in the members of an organism does not affect an ecosystem's properties. Paragraph 3: At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believ

22、ed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ec

23、osystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate consid

24、erable damage from weather to pests. 4. According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems? Pioneer communities Climax communities Single-crop farmlands Successional plant communities Paragraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability

25、is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what "stability" means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternativ

26、ely, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hun

27、dreds of years to return to the climax state. 5. According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated? The reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear. Ecologists often confuse the word "stability" with the word "resilience." The exact meaning of

28、 the word "stability" is debated by ecologists. There are many different answers to ecological questions. 6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities?They are more resilient than pioneer communities. They can be considered both the most and the least s

29、table communities. They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances. They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time. Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At leas

30、t in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure st

31、ability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability-just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a c

32、hild's tricycle. 7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests? They become less stable as they mature. They support many species when they reach climax. They are found in temperate zones. They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages. 8. The word

33、"guarantee" in the passage is closest in meaning to increase ensure favor complicate 9. In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that "A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child's tricycle"? To illustrate a general principle ab

34、out the stability of systems by using an everyday example To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity To provide an ex

35、ample that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystems Paragraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction cause

36、d by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community's resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery. 10. The

37、word "pales" in the passage is closest in meaning to increases proportionally differs loses significance is common Paragraph 7: Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the "patchiness" of the environm

38、ent, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacentcommunity. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill

39、the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact. 11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Ecologists now thin

40、k that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness. Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity. Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy envir

41、onments. A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms. 12.The word "adjacent" in the passage is closest in meaning to foreign stable fluid neighboring Paragraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors c

42、ontribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destr

43、uction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community's resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery. 13.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. In fact, damage to the environment

44、by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. 14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting th

45、e THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The process of succession and the stability of

46、 a climax community can change over time. Answer choices The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human generation. A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable ecosystem. The level of resilience in a plant community

47、contributes to its long-term stability. Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of ecosystems. Disagreements over the meaning of the term "stability" make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems. The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by humans 托福TPO3阅读真题答案Part3 参考答案： 1.