托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第2篇-BreathingDuringSleep.docx

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1、托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:BreathingDuringSleep 为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成果，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Breathing During Sleep，希望大家喜爱! 托福阅读原文 【1】Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dr

2、amatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. Yet because of the physics of lying d

3、own, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep. 【2】During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. The first is an automatic, metaboli

4、c system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based i

5、n the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing. 【3】During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) breathing be

6、comes deeper and more regular, but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate, resulting in less air being exchanged overall. This occurs because during NREM sleep the automatic, metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide.

7、 Also, during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood. Two things result from these changes in breathing control that occur during sleep. First, there may be a brief cessation or reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the

8、 sleeper waxes and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing control mechanisms. Second, once sleep is fully obtained, there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM. 【4】But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep

9、, several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breat

10、hing tend to become more relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action, inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloonthe narrow passages tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance betwe

11、en the two sides of the nose. If something blocks the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mou

12、th. 【5】Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive a

13、djustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airwa

14、y produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep. 【6】Additional breathing changes occur during REM sleep that are even more dramatic than the changes

15、 that occur during NREM. The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM,it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing. In addition, breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the d

16、iaphragm and much less on rib cage action. 托福阅读试题 1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following can be inferred about the diaphragm during sleep? A.During sleep the diaphragm requires increased movement of the rib cage. B.The diaphragm helps with breathing as movements of the rib cage decrease

17、during sleep. C.The diaphragm requires a great amount of pressure to function properly. D.The diaphragm contributes to the effective functioning of the rib cage. 2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the voluntary breathing system EXCEPT: A.It has its control center in the bra

18、in stem. B.It controls breathing for a number of activities during wakefulness. C.It is able to bypass the automatic system. D.It produces an irregular breathing pattern. 3.The word exclusive in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to A.consistent B.perfect C.partial D.sole 4.According to

19、 paragraph 3, which of the following may occur just before NREM sleep begins? A.The automatic, metabolic system may increase its dependence on air exchanges. B.Breathing can stop for a short time as a person falls asleep. C.An increase in the oxygen level in the blood can occur as sleep becomes full

20、y obtained. D.The level of carbon dioxide in the blood may drop suddenly. 5.What is the author's purpose in stating that inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon?(in paragraph 4) A.To refute the argument that additional effort is necessary for breathing during sleep. B.To argue that REM sle

21、ep is more important than NREM sleep. C.To illustrate the difficulty of breathing during sleep. D.To illustrate how blockage of narrow passages can be prevented during sleep. 6.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as being characteristic of breathing during sleep EXCEPT A.relaxation of

22、the muscles involved in the respiratory system. B.changes in resistance between the two sides of the nose. C.easier airflow in the passages of the upper airway. D.absence of certain complex muscle interactions. 7.According to paragraph 5, what happens during NREM sleep when inhaling is difficult? A.

23、There is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort. B.The sleeping person takes several inadequate breaths before the breathing effort is adjusted. C.The coughing reflex causes the breathing effort to adjust. D.The airways become cleared as the blood removes irritants. 8.It can

24、be inferred from paragraph 5 that a very mild irritation during sleep will likely cause the sleeping person to A.increase the breathing effort. B.wake up and remove the source of irritation. C.cough while still sleeping. D.stop breathing temporarily while still sleeping. 9.The word considerable (par

25、agraph 5)meaning to A.significant. B.Steady. C.Usual. D.necessary. 10.The word resume in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to A.reduce. B.stop. C.readjust. D.restart. 11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (pa

26、ragraph 6)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A.Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM, less air is exchanged in REM. B.Breathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM because of irregular episodes of rap

27、id breathing during NREM. C.Because breathing is more rapid in NREM sleep than in REM sleep, breathing often becomes shallow. D.Although REM has brief episodes of shallow breathing or lack of breathing, breathing is more rapid than in NREM. 12. Look at the four squares that indicate where the follow

28、ing sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. To better understand breathing during sleep, it is, however, helpful to first understand how respiration works in general. paragraph1: Of all the physiological differe

29、nces in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage

30、for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. 【A】 Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. 【B】 However, there are many other changes that

31、affect respiration when asleep. paragraph2: 【C】 During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. 【D】The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of ca

32、rbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automa

33、tic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing. 13.Directions: From the seven statements below, select the statements that correctly characterize breathing during wakefulness and those statements that correctly characterize breathing during sleep. Drag each answer choice you se

34、lect into the appropriate box of the table. Two of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points. A.The role of the rib cage increases and the role of the diaphragm decreases. B.Carbon dioxide in blood rises and oxygen drops. C.The coughing reflex is extremely complex. D.A gre

35、at deal of effort is used for breathing. E.Upper airways are resistant to colds and allergies. F.There is a drop in the volume of air that is exchanged. G.Automatic and voluntary respiratory systems are both involved. 1 ) Wakefulne A B C D E F G 2 ) Sleep A B C D E F G 托福阅读答案 1.以diaphragm做关键词定位至第三句和

36、第四句，说ribcage运动变少，使得diaphragm更重要，但stomach的压力使得diaphragm工作起来更困难，B是正确答案。A的increased movement of the rib cage和C的须要pressure都与原文相反;D说diaphragm contributes to原文没有说。 2.EXCEPT题，解除法。A的centered in brain stem做关键词定位至第一句，但原文说这个特点是属于automatic，metabolic system的，而voluntary的center是在forebrain，所以A错，选;B的a number of acti

37、vities做关键词定位至倒数其次句的一大堆活动，所以B正确，不选;C的bypass the automatic system和D的irregular breathing pattern做关键词都定位至最终一句，都正确，不选。 3.exclusive仅有，只有，排他，所以正确答案是sole。从单词本身看，includeexcludeexclusive，所以肯定能得出排他之意。原句说在NREM期间，automatic系统怎么限制breathing，使得氧的需求量削减，前面始终在说两个系统，现在氧的需求量削减了，确定是有系统不干活了，所以就是只有automatic在干活，所以答案是D只有。A持续、

38、B完备，都不靠谱，C的partial刚好与原文意思相反，也不选。 4.此题关键词难找，可以依次向下看，也可以用解除法，假如依次向下看的话，会看到第一点说的是当sleeper在睡与醒之间摇摆的时候，发生了呼吸cessation，也就是stop，所以正确答案是B，stop for a short time。C和D一个说氧上升一个说二氧化碳下降，是一回事，都不是在睡觉期间发生的，所以都反了，而且两个一样的也都不选，A没说。 5.修辞目的题，先看修辞点所在的句子，但原句整个都是一个例子，往前看。前一句仍旧在说肌肉relax的事情，因此也是例子，所以看开头，开头说air passage在睡觉期间变了许多

39、紧接着就说明睡觉期间呼吸很难，也就是开头所指的改变是睡觉的时候呼吸变难，所以正确答案是C。A的refute与原文相反;B的比较和D的prevent blockage原文都没说。 6.EXCEPT题，解除法。A的relaxation of the muscles做关键词定位至第三句，正确，不选;B的two sides of the nose做关键词定位至倒数第三句，正确，不选;C的upper airway做关键词定位至第三句，但答案的easier airflow原文完全没说，C错，选;D的complex muscle interaction做关键词都定位至最终一句，正确，不选。 7.以inhal

40、ing is difficult做关键词定位至其次句，但这句只说了difficult的事儿，没说发生了什么，往下看。下句说NREM期间什么adjustment都没有，只有在inadequate breaths之后才adjust，所以答案是B。A是wakeful时候才有的;C的因果关系原文没说;D完全没说。 8.以irritation做关键词定位至最终一句，说假如irritation太严峻，睡着的人就会醒，根据正常的叙述依次应当是先叙述mild的状况，前一句果真在说coughing reflex没产生cough，而产生了cessation of breathing，呼吸停止的状况，所以答案是D。

41、C与原文相反;B是severe的时候才有的，A没说。 9.considerable可观的，相当的，重要的，所以正确答案是significant。从单词本身看，consider的考虑的意思是很常见的，加形容词词尾able变为值得考虑的，所以也是significant。原文说在若干次inadequate breaths之后，二氧化碳含量怎么上升氧气含量下降，才能调整breathing，一般我们说显著的改变，所以答案A，其他答案都不靠谱。 10.resume重新起先，再接着，所以正确答案是restart。原句说假如irritation太严峻了，睡着的人会醒来，清理呼吸道，并且怎么呼吸，前一句都说了因

42、为irritants呼吸停止，然后醒来，当然清理完就接着呼吸了呗，答案是D。A和B完全不靠谱，假如选C，之前应当adjust一次，但之前从来没说irritation严峻的时候有先调整一次，所以C错。 11.原句的结构是exchange lower是因为blabla，所以正确答案是A，因果关系和结构都正确。其他答案都没提到exchange lower这个主干，而且B把原文非主干的部分变成了主干;C结果搞乱;D逻辑关系错。 12.两个过渡点，名词respiration和连词however。依据respiration可以初步确定答案是B或者C，但依据however断定B不对，因为两个however不

43、能连续出现，所以正确答案是C。 13.第一段和其次段在讲wakeful部分，其余在讲sleep部分。The role选项对应第一段第三句，属于wakeful部分。Carbon dioxide选项对应第五段第四句，二氧化碳多氧少，属于sleep部分。The coughing选项原文没说reflex困难，不属于任何一列，不选。A great deal选项对应原文第四段第三句，属于sleep部分。Upper airways选项原文没说，不选。There is选项对应原文第六段其次句，属于sleep部分。Automatic选项对应原文其次段首句，属于wakeful部分。 托福阅读译文 【1】关于人类睡

44、觉和醒悟时生理状态的差异在过去的十年里已被发觉，在全部的这些差异中，呼吸系统限制方面的改变尤其引人注目。不仅是呼吸系统运作水平有差异，在如何运作方面也出现了改变。胸腔所做的呼吸运动在睡觉时会削减，使得横膈膜的收缩变得更为重要。然而由于躺下来的物理作用，胃部压迫横膈膜使得横膈膜难以工作。不管怎样，睡眠时还有许多其他的改变影响着呼吸。 【2】醒悟的时候，呼吸受到两个相互影响的系统的限制。第一个是自动的新陈代谢系统，它的限制中心在脑干。它会潜意识的调整呼吸频率和深度来限制二氧化碳和氧气的浓度以及血液中的酸碱比。其次套系统是自发行为系统。它的限制中心在前脑，调整说话、唱歌、叹息等行为时的呼吸。它能忽视

45、或无视自动新陈代谢系统并且产生无规律的呼吸模式。 【3】在NMER(睡觉时没有快速眼部活动的阶段)这个阶段中，呼吸会变得更深更有规律，但是呼吸频率会降低，导致总体空气交换削减。发生这个是因为在NREM睡眠阶段中，自动的新陈代谢系统会独自限制呼吸，身体会利用更少的氧气产生更少的二氧化碳。同时，自动的新陈代谢系统对血液中二氧化碳和氧气的含量反应并不灵敏。在睡眠中呼吸限制的改变会导致两个结果。第一，睡着时呼吸可能会有短暂的停止或削减，因为睡眠者在睡眠和醒悟之间徘徊，而这两种状态的限制系统不一样。其次，一旦得到了足够的睡眠，血液中二氧化碳含量上升而氧气含量降低，在NREM阶段也会持续这样。 【4】但这

46、并不是全部的改变。在睡眠的全部阶段中，气道的一些改变已经被视察到了。睡眠时须要付出两倍的努力去呼吸，因为呼吸道气流的阻力会比较强并且用来呼吸的肌肉的效率会有改变。一些在呼吸时帮助保持上呼吸道通畅的肌肉在睡觉的时候会变得松弛，特殊是在REM阶段(就是有快速眼部运动的睡眠阶段)。没有这种肌肉运动，呼吸空气就像从气球里吸气一样，狭窄的通道会面临崩溃。而且鼻子两侧的阻力也会周期性变更。假如有时候堵塞了“好”的一边，比如过敏和感冒引起的堵塞，阻力就会大大增加。与这些因素一起的是那些能够变更从鼻子到嘴巴的气流路径的肌肉之间失去了困难的交互。 【5】其他呼吸调整机制在睡眠时明显要停止运作。比如说，在醒悟时假

47、如呼吸变得困难的话就会有一个马上自动适应性的呼吸增加(比如戴上面具呼吸)。但在NREM状态时完全不存在这样反射性的调整。在这种状况下，只有几次不充分的呼吸后使得血液中二氧化碳的含量显著提升以及氧气的含量降低，呼吸才会被调整过来。最终，咳嗽反应在应对呼吸道中刺激物时产生的不是睡觉时咳嗽而是呼吸停止。假如刺激物足够严峻，睡着的人会醒来清理气道，然后接着呼吸很可能再度入睡。 【6】发生在REM时期的多余的呼吸改变比发生在NREM时期的呼吸改变更显著。REM的空气交换量要比NREM低，因为尽管REM中呼吸更加急促，但也更加没有规律，包括一些简短的浅呼吸或呼吸暂停。另外，REM时期的呼吸更多取决于横膈膜而不是胸腔的作用。 托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Breathing During Sleep本文来源：网络收集与整理，如有侵权，请联系作者删除，谢谢！第21页 共21页第 21 页 共 21 页第 21 页 共 21 页第 21 页 共 21 页第 21 页 共 21 页第 21 页 共 21 页第 21 页 共 21 页第 21 页 共 21 页第 21 页 共 21 页第 21 页 共 21 页第 21 页 共 21 页