托福阅读段落的基本构成.docx

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1、托福阅读段落的基本构成 大家都知道托福阅读是由许多段落构成的，而最基本的是一些词和句式，那么对于新托福阅读来说，假如能驾驭最基本的要素信任会很有用，下面的就为大家介绍一下托福阅读段落的基本构成。 托福阅读段落的基本构成 托福阅读高分策略一、英语句子结构的原则 1、谓动单一性原则 在一个句子里，有且只有一个谓语动词。 2、主句单一性原则 在一个句子中，有且只有一个主句。(从句可以有若干个) 二、新托福阅读三大从句 1、名词性从句 主语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句 引导词 (what/how/that/why/whether) 结构 主语从句 what+VO=n. for eg. what+SV=n

2、. What you said is right. 形式宾语 Make it possible for sb.to do that/how/why/whether+SVO=n. That the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs is known.It is known that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs.(形式主语居多). 托福阅读28分的速成安排 分数要求 想得28分以上，一般就是错3个左右，也就是不含加试一篇一个。我给自己的要求：不能错词汇题以外的任何题 阅读时间： 15分钟一篇，一篇13/14道题。(官方要

3、求是20分钟一篇) 13道题中除了4道词汇题(30)1道多选题(130)之外，其他题目基本(1)一般是在第三段/第四段，也许第8题/第9题的样子，是一段会出2道理解题的段落。题目编排，近几年的TPO一般第一篇其次篇文章偏难，生词多，第三篇简洁难度类似早期TPO。 在题目上一般是(细微环节 词汇，细微环节 作用， 细微环节 词汇， 细微环节 词汇 改写， 细微环节 词汇， 黑点 大意)规律就是每一段都会出细微环节题(In paragraph n.)再加一道其他题，早期一段只有一道题的状况几乎不存在了. 托福阅读真题1 No two comets ever look identical, but

4、they have basic features in common, one of the most obvious of which is a coma. A coma looks like a misty, patch of light with one or more tails often streaming from it in the direction away from the sun. At the heart of a comet's coma lies a nucleus of solid material, typically no more than 10

5、kilometers across. The visible coma is a huge cloud of gas and dust that has escaped from the nucleus, which then surrounds like an extended atmosphere. The coma can extend as far as a million kilometers outward from the nucleus. Around the coma there is often an even larger invisible envelope of hy

6、drogen gas. The most graphic proof that the grand spectacle of a comet develops from a relatively small and inconspicuous chunk of ice and dust was the close-up image obtained in 1986 by the European Giotto probe of the nucleus of Halley's Comet. It turned out to be a bit like a very dark astero

7、id, measuring 16 by 8 kilometers. Ices have evaporated from its outer layers to leave a crust of nearly black dust all over the surface. Bright jets of gas from evaporating ice burst out on the side facing the Sun, where the surface gets heated up, carrying dust with them. This is how the coma and t

8、he tails are created. Comets grow tails only when they get warm enough for ice and dust to boil off. As a comet's orbit brings it closer to the sun, first the coma grows, then two distinct tails usually form. One, the less common kind, contains electrically charged (i.e., ionized) atoms of gas,

9、which are blown off directly in the direction away from the Sun by the magnetic field of the solar wind. The other tail is made of neutral dust particles, which get gently pushed back by the pressure of the sunlight itself. Unlike the ion tail, which is straight, the dust tail becomes curved as the

10、particles follow their own orbits around the Sun. 1. The passage focuses on comets primarily in terms of their (A) orbital patterns (B) coma and tails (C) brightness (D) size 2. The word identical in line 1 is closest in meaning to (A) equally fast (B) exactly alike (C) near each other (D) invisible

11、 3. The word heart in line 4 is closest in meaning to (A) center (B) edge (C) tail (D) beginning 4. Why does the author mention the Giotto probe in paragraph 3? (A) It had a relatively small and inconspicuous nucleus. (B) It was very similar to an asteroid. (C) It was covered with an unusual black d

12、ust. (D) It provided visual evidence of the makeup of a comet's nucleus. 5. It can be inferred from the passage that the nucleus of a comet is made up of (A) dust and gas (B) ice and dust (C) hydrogen gas (D) electrically charged atoms 6. The word graphic in line 9 is closest in meaning to (A) m

13、athematical (B) popular (C) unusual (D) vivid 7. Which of the following occurred as the ices from Halley's Comet evaporated? (A) Black dust was left on the comet's surface. (B) The nucleus of the comet expanded. (C) The tail of the comet straightened out. (D) Jets of gas caused the comet to

14、increase its speed. 8. All of the following statements about the tails of comets are true EXCEPT: (A) They can contain electrically charged or neutral particles. (B) They can be formed only when there is sufficient heat. (C) They are formed before the coma expands. (D) They always point in the direc

15、tion away from the Sun. 9. The word distinct in line 17 is closest in meaning to (A) visible (B) gaseous (C) separate (D) new 10. Compared to the tail of electrically charged atoms, the tail of neutral dust particles is relatively (A) long (B) curved (C) unpredictable (D) bright PASSAGE 65 BBADB DAC

16、CB 托福阅读真题2 Long before they can actually speak, babies pay special attention to the speech they hear around them. Within the first month of their lives, babies' responses to the sound of the human voice will be different from their responses to other sorts of auditory stimuli. They will stop cry

17、ing when they hear a person talking, but not if they hear a bell or the sound of a rattle. At first, the sounds that an infant notices might be only those words that receive the heaviest emphasis and that often occur at the ends of utterances. By the time they are six or seven weeks old, babies can

18、detect the difference between syllables pronounced with rising and falling inflections. Very soon, these differences in adult stress and intonation can influence babies' emotional states and behavior. Long before they develop actual language comprehension, babies can sense when an adult is playf

19、ul or angry, attempting to initiate or terminate new behavior, and so on, merely on the basis of cues such as the rate, volume, and melody of adult speech. Adults make it as easy as they can for babies to pick up a language by exaggerating such cues. One researcher observed babies and their mothers

20、in six diverse cultures and found that, in all six languages, the mothers used simplified syntax, short utterances and nonsense sounds, and transformed certain sounds into baby talk. Other investigators have noted that when mothers talk to babies who are only a few months old, they exaggerate the pi

21、tch, loudness, and intensity of their words. They also exaggerate their facial expressions, hold vowels longer, and emphasize certain words. More significant for language development than their response to general intonation is observation that tiny babies can make relatively fine distinctions betwe

22、en speech sounds. In other words, babies enter the world with the ability to make precisely those perceptual discriminations that are necessary if they are to acquire aural language. Babies obviously derive pleasure from sound input, too: even as young as nine months they will listen to songs or sto

23、ries, although the words themselves are beyond their understanding. For babies, language is a sensory-motor delight rather than the route to prosaic meaning that it often is for adults. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) How babies differentiate between the sound of the human voice and oth

24、er sounds (B) The differences between a baby's and an adult's ability to comprehend language (C) How babies perceive and respond to the human voice in their earliest stages of language development (D) The response of babies to sounds other than the human voice 2. Why does the author mention

25、a bell and a rattle in lines 4-5? (A) To contrast the reactions of babies to human and nonhuman sounds (B) To give examples of sounds that will cause a baby to cry (C) To explain how babies distinguish between different nonhuman sounds (D) To give examples of typical toys that babies do not like 3.

26、Why does the author mention syllables pronounced with rising and falling inflections in lines 7-8? (A) To demonstrate how difficult it is for babies to interpret emotions (B) To illustrate that a six-week-old baby can already distinguish some language differences (C) To provide an example of ways ad

27、ults speak to babies (D) To give a reason for babies' difficulty in distinguishing one adult from another 4. The word diverse in line 14 is closest in meaning to (A) surrounding (B) divided (C) different (D) stimulating 5. The word noted in line 17 is closest in meaning to (A) theorized (B) requ

28、ested (C) disagreed (D) observed 6. The word They in line 18 refers to (A) mothers (B) investigators (C) babies (D) words 7. The passage mentions all of the following as ways adults modify their speech when talking to babies EXCEPT (A) giving all words equal emphasis (B) speaking with shorter senten

29、ces (C) speaking more loudly than normal (D) using meaningless sounds 8. The word emphasize in line 19 is closest in meaning to (A) stress (B) repeat (C) explain (D) leave out 9. Which of the following can be inferred about the findings described in paragraph 2? (A) Babies who are exposed to more th

30、an one language can speak earlier than babies exposed to a single language. (B) Mothers from different cultures speak to their babies in similar ways. (C) Babies ignore facial expressions in comprehending aural language. (D) The mothers observed by the researchers were consciously teaching their bab

31、ies to speak. 10. What point does the author make to illustrate that babies are born with the ability to acquire language? (A) Babies begin to understand words in songs. (B) Babies exaggerate their own sounds and expressions. (C) Babies are more sensitive to sounds than are adults. (D) Babies notice

32、 even minor differences between speech sounds. 11. According to the author, why do babies listen to songs and stories, even though they cannot understand them? (A) They understand the rhythm. (B) They enjoy the sound. (C) They can remember them easily. (D) They focus on the meaning of their parents' words. PASSAGE 66 CABCD AAABD B 托福阅读段落的基本构成本文来源：网络收集与整理，如有侵权，请联系作者删除，谢谢！第16页 共16页第 16 页 共 16 页第 16 页 共 16 页第 16 页 共 16 页第 16 页 共 16 页第 16 页 共 16 页第 16 页 共 16 页第 16 页 共 16 页第 16 页 共 16 页第 16 页 共 16 页第 16 页 共 16 页