托福阅读多选题多少分.docx

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1、托福阅读多选题多少分 托福阅读部分，多选题内容的难度会更大，那么相应的分数也会比较高。那么详细的托福阅读中，都有哪些题目是多选题，算分方法是怎样的呢?为了让大家更好的来积累练习这部分内容，下面我为大家整理了具体的内容，供大家参考! 托福阅读多选题多少分 填表题，SUMMARY 3空2分，答对2题给1分 CHART 5空3分题 对4拿2分 对3拿1分 7空4分题，对6拿3分 对5拿2分 对4拿1分 2022年托福考生阅历沟通群 由此可见，托福阅读多选题的分值还是很高的，那么，在托福阅读考试过程，我们怎么做到尽可能不失分呢?首先我们就要做到以下几点： 1、假如在托福阅读文章中有主题句，结合主题句

2、与主题句无关的，砍了，不是主要观点的，埋了，最终那些与文章无关或着根本就是错的，拖出去枪毙5分钟，剩下的基本上就是答案了。 2、一般人最简单犯的错误是将非主要观点推断为主要观点 我们可以采纳的高分技巧就是看一看，他说的内容在整篇都谈到了?还是只有一段?假如全谈到了，那么就是主要，反之就不是。 托福阅读背景学问：文明发展史 托福阅读真题再现： 版本一： 讲某个文明，说多个缘由导致其发展。一是葡萄藤和橄榄树的引入，和传统农作物不冲突，无论土地还是收获期。这使人们可以从事其他如炼金属青铜什么的。然后这导致了不同group的争斗，争夺资源和specialist。总体和某个TPO阅读很像。 版本二：讲希

3、腊文明，全文大意一句总结：traditional analysis focused on external influences,but the professor thinks from the perspective of MUTILIER EFFECT(考点)，which combined several interal impacts. 版本三：地中海地区某一时间一些国家的发展 A国发展之一种了Oliva什么的一种长在岛上不用在Farm上而且工人对这种作物的劳动时间也和其他作物不一样，所以能大力发展，还有一种是Bronze的发展 解析： 本文讲文明发展史。主要探讨的是某文明发展的缘由，

4、主旨明确，结构清楚，每段首句为topic sentence的可能性较高。大家在阅读文章之前可以先跳到最终一题(文章总结题)的位置看看那句对于文章总结的句子。对于大家从整体上把握文章的结构特别有帮助。从文章结构与内容上，都特别接近TPO8的文章The Rise of Teotihucan。 托福阅读相关背景： Sumer Sumer (from Akkadian ?umeru; Sumerian ki-en-?ir15, approximately "land of the civilized kings" or "native land"note 1)

5、was an ancientcivilization and historical region in southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. Although the earliest forms of writing in the region do not go back much further than c. 3500 BC, modern historians have suggested that Sumer was first pe

6、rmanently settled between c. 5500 and 4000 BC by a non-Semitic people who may or may not have spoken the Sumerian language (pointing to the names of cities, rivers, basic occupations, etc. as evidence).1234 These conjectured, prehistoric people are now called "proto-Euphrateans" or "U

7、baidians",5 and are theorized to have evolved from the Samarra culture of northern Mesopotamia (Assyria).6789 The Ubaidians were the first civilizing force in Sumer, draining the marshes for agriculture, developing trade, and establishing industries, including weaving, leatherwork, metalwork, m

8、asonry, and pottery.5 However, some scholars such as Piotr Michalowski and Gerd Steiner, contest the idea of a Proto-Euphratean language or one substrate language. It has been suggested by them and others, that the Sumerian language was originally that of the hunter and fisher peoples, who lived in

9、the marshland and the Eastern Arabia littoral region, and were part of theArabian bifacial culture.10 Reliable historical records begin much later; there are none in Sumer of any kind that have been dated beforeEnmebaragesi (c. 26th century BC). Professor Juris Zarins believes the Sumerians were set

10、tled along the coast of Eastern Arabia, today's Persian Gulf region, before it flooded at the end of the Ice Age.11 Sumerian literature speaks of their homeland being Dilmun. Sumerologist Samuel Noah Kramer asserts "No people has contributed more to the culture of mankind than the Sumerians

11、" and yet it is only comparatively recently that we have built up a knowledge of the existence of this ancient culture.12 Sumerian civilization took form in theUruk period (4th millennium BC), continuing into the Jemdat Nasr and Early Dynastic periods. During the 3rd millennium BC, a close cult

12、ural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians (who spoke a language isolate) and the Semitic Akkadian speakers, which included widespreadbilingualism.13 The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian (and vice versa) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, tosyntactic, morphologi

13、cal, and phonological convergence.13 This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the 3rd millennium BC as a sprachbund.13 Sumer was conquered by the Semitic-speaking kings of the Akkadian Empire around 2270 BC (short chronology), but Sumerian continued as a sacred language. Nativ

14、e Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Third Dynasty of Ur (Sumerian Renaissance) of the 21st to 20th centuries BC, but the Akkadian language also remained in use. The Sumerian city of Eridu, on the coast of the Persian Gulf, was the world's first city, where three separate cultur

15、es fused - that of peasant Ubaidian farmers, living in mud-brick huts and practicing irrigation; that of mobile nomadic Semitic pastoralists living in black tents and following herds of sheep and goats; and that of fisher folk, living in reed huts in the marshlands, who may have been the ancestors o

16、f the Sumerians.14 The irrigated farming together with annual replenishment of soil fertility and the surplus of storable food in temple granaries created by this economy allowed the population of this region to rise to levels never before seen, unlike those found in earlier cultures of shifting cul

17、tivators. This much greater population density in turn created and required an extensive labour force and division of labour with many specialised arts and crafts. At the same time, historic overuse of the irrigated soils led to progressive salinisation, and a Malthusian crisis which led to depopula

18、tion of the Sumerian region over time, leading to its progressive eclipse by the Akkadians of middle Mesopotamia. Sumer was also the site of early development of writing, progressing from a stage of proto-writing in the mid 4th millennium BC to writing proper in the 3rd millennium BC (see Jemdet Nas

19、r period). 托福阅读背景学问：动物迁徙 托福阅读真题再现： 版本一：某些动物长大以后离开诞生地生存，有些不会。主要讲不行以的。举了两个例子。第一个是松鼠，雄鼠长大后飞走，雌鼠不会。其次个例子是狮子，雄狮子长大了以后会离开，缘由是打不过原来的首领，被赶跑。雌性狮子则会留在群落帮忙找吃的。 版本二：讲动物离开诞生点行为，缘由一：某鼠离开诞生点，雄150米，雌50米，因为能防止近亲繁殖导致基因病，同时雌性在一起能养小鼠便利。缘由二：狮子，群内争斗呀，劳什子排挤呀什么的。 版本三： 动物的disperse, 刚起先说为什么动物要离开熟识的food rich的地方而去其他地方。其中讲了一种动物

20、男女的分布是不一样的，女的离原来的家50米，男的150米， 不同的缘由是防止近亲结婚导致孩子多病不易存活，另外女的离家近更有好处，家里可以给她供应爱护，然后男的要更远的地方对抗敌人，有可能被竞争者replace而离开，然后有个lion的例子 托福阅读词汇： squirrel n松鼠 disperse v分散 Inbreeding n近亲交配 genopathy n遗传病 解析：本文围绕动物为何离开诞生地这个主题绽开论证。做题时需留意记录笔记，对于结构化阅读及最终一题的解答有很大好处。动物行为主题是托福阅读常见考点，结构不难理解。需留意各例证和主题的支撑关系。由于条理清楚，最终一题尽量考虑从正面

21、选出，解除为辅。 托福阅读相关背景： Animal Inbreeding Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms which are closely related genetically, in contrast to outcrossing, which refers to mating unrelated individuals.1 By analogy, the term is used in human reproduction,

22、 but more commonly refers to the genetic disorders and other consequences that may arise from incestuous sexual relationships and consanguinity. Inbreeding results in homozygosity, which can increase the chances of offspring being affected by recessive or deleterious traits.2 This generally leads to

23、 a decreasedbiological fitness of a population,34 (called inbreeding depression) which is its ability to survive and reproduce. An individual who inherits such deleterious traits is referred to as inbred. The avoidance of such deleterious recessive alleles caused by inbreeding is the main selective

24、reason for outcrossing.56 Inbreeding is a technique used in selective breeding. In livestock breeding, breeders may use inbreeding when, for example, trying to establish a new and desirable traitin the stock, but will need to watch for undesirable characteristics in offspring, which can then be elim

25、inated through further selective breeding or culling. Inbreeding is used to reveal deleterious recessive alleles, which can then be eliminated through assortative breeding or through culling. In plant breeding, inbred lines are used as stocks for the creation of hybrid lines to make use of the effec

26、ts of heterosis. Inbreeding in plants also occurs naturally in the form of self-pollination. Offspring of biologically related persons are subject to the possible impact of inbreeding, such as congenital birth defects. The chances of such disorders is increased the closer the relationship of the bio

27、logical parents. (See coefficient of inbreeding.) This is because such pairings increase the proportion of homozygous zygotes in the offspring, in particular deleterious recessive alleles, that produce such disorders.7 (See inbreeding depression.) Because most recessive alleles are rare in populatio

28、ns, it is unlikely that two unrelated marriage partners will both be carriers of the alleles. However, because close relatives share a large fraction of their alleles, the probability that any such deleterious allele is inherited from the common ancestor through both parents is increased dramaticall

29、y. Contrary to common belief, inbreeding does not in itself alter allele frequencies, but rather increases the relative proportion of homozygotes to heterozygotes. However, because the increased proportion of deleterious homozygotes exposes the allele to natural selection, in the long run its freque

30、ncy decreases more rapidly in inbred population. In the short term, incestuous reproduction is expected to produce increases in spontaneous abortions of zygotes, perinatal deaths, and postnatal offspring with birth defects.8 There may also be other deleterious effects besides those caused by recessi

31、ve diseases. Thus, similar immune systems may be more vulnerable to infectious diseases (seeMajor histocompatibility complex and sexual selection).9 托福阅读背景学问：如何推断地质年龄 托福阅读真题再现： 版本1: 文章先讲太阳系里的东西都有相同的起源。先是说全部的东西是在一起的，然后说地球由于地表的水、火山活动和一个什么过程使得地球连最古老的石头都没有了。所以只能测定月球的陨石的成分了，结论是月球的表面和陨石的时间都是46亿年。因为月球表面没有地

32、球的这些活动，所以可以测定。 后面又说宇宙的星系都在不断地拉开距离，通过星系的红移可以确定距离还有速度，发觉宇宙始终在膨胀。发觉宇宙在137亿年前是一个点。然后就有了宇宙大爆炸。 版本2： 讲地球和宇宙年龄的测量。先说太阳系大部分物质是同一时间形成的，然后说地球年龄难是因为谁腐蚀。接着引入一种物质，可以通过同位素测年龄。结果是和月球上的最古老的石头近似。然后说宇宙在膨胀，大爆炸。通过红移测年龄。 版本3： 天文类， 某种地球上的物质和月球上最古老的物质证明他。都始于自4.6million年前，于是证明太阳系的年龄是4.6 Million years. 另外还有种通过推断各星球一种wavelen

33、gth的大小推断出他们在多少年前都是从个spot发展出来，于是推断了big bang的时间。 托福阅读相关词汇： origin 起源 meteorite 陨石 galaxy 星系 expansion 膨胀 red shift 红移 wavelength 波长 解析： 天文主题文章的词汇专业性较强，须要提前对相关专题的TPO文章的生词熟识，尽量削减生词恐惊带来的内耗。另外，出现天文理论的文章，结构通常都会比较清楚，但要着重识别对理论内容的看法倾向。 托福阅读相关背景： a.Big Bang The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological mo

34、del for the early development of the universe. According to the theory, the Big Bang occurred approximately 13.82 billion years ago, which is thus considered the age of the universe. At this time, the universe was in an extremely hot and dense state and was expanding rapidly. After the initial expan

35、sion, the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. Though simple atomic nuclei formed within the first three minutes after the Big Bang, thousands of years passed before the first electrically neutral atoms formed. The ma

36、jority of atoms that were produced by the Big Bang are hydrogen, along with helium and traces of lithium. Giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced through gravity to form stars and galaxies, and the heavier elements were synthesized either within stars or during supernovae. b.Accele

37、rating universe The accelerating universe is the observation that the universe appears to be expanding at an increasing rate. In formal terms, this means that the cosmic scale factor has a positive second derivative,1 so that the velocity at which a distant galaxy is receding from us should be conti

38、nuously increasing with time.2 In 1998, observations of type Ia supernovae also suggested that the expansion of the universe has been accelerating34 since around redshift of z0.5.5 The 2006 Shaw Prize in Astronomy and the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics were both awarded to Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Sch

39、midt, and Adam G. Riess, who in 1998 as leaders of the Supernova Cosmology Project (Perlmutter) and the High-Z Supernova Search Team (Schmidt and Riess) discovered the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant ("High-Z") supernovae.67 observations.edit The simp

40、lest evidence for accelerating expansion comes from the brightness/redshift relation for distant Type-Ia supernovae; these are very bright exploding white dwarfs, whose intrinsic luminosity can be determined from the shape of the light-curve. Repeated imaging of selected areas of sky is used to disc

41、over the supernovae, and then followup observations give their peak brightness and redshift. The peak brightness is then converted into a quantity known as luminosity distance (see distance measures in cosmology for details). For supernovae at redshift less than around 0.1, or light travel time less

42、 than 10 percent of the age of the universe, this gives a nearly linear redshift/distance relation due to Hubble's law. At larger distances, since the expansion rate of the universe has generally changed over time, the distance/redshift relation deviates from linearity, and this deviation depend

43、s on how the expansion rate has changed over time. The full calculation requires integration of the Friedmann equation, but the sign of the deviation can be given as follows: the redshift directly gives the cosmic scale factor at the time the supernova exploded, for example a supernova with a measur

44、ed redshift implies the Universe was of its present size when the supernova exploded. In an accelerating universe, the universe was expanding more slowly in the past than today, which means it took a longer time to expand from 2/3 to 1.0 times its present size compared to a non-accelerating universe

45、. This results in a larger light-travel time, larger distance and fainter supernovae, which corresponds to the actual observations: when compared to nearby supernovae, supernovae at substantial redshifts 0.2 - 1.0 are observed to be fainter (more distant) than is allowed in any homogeneous non-accel

46、erating model. Corroborationedit After the initial discovery in 1998, these observations were corroborated by several independent sources: the cosmic microwave background radiation and large scale structure,8 apparent size of baryon acoustic oscillations,9 age of the universe,10 as well as improved

47、measurements of supernovae,1112 X-ray properties of galaxy clusters and Observational H(z) Data.13 Explanatory modelsedit Models attempting to explain accelerating expansion include some form of dark energy, dark fluid or phantom energy. The most important property of dark energy is that it has nega

48、tive pressure which is distributed relatively homogeneously in space. The simplest explanation for dark energy is that it is a cosmological constant or vacuum energy; this leads to the Lambda-CDM model, which has generally been known as the Standard Model of Cosmology from 2003 through the present, since it is the simplest model in good agreement with a variety of recent observations. Alternativel