高考英语阅读理解专项攻略—词义猜测20190514.pptx

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1、高考英语阅读理解攻略,猜测词义题,【考纲解读】,词义和句义猜测题考查考生根据上下文中的已知信息对单词、词组或句子的具体语义和代词、名词的指代问题进行合理推测的能力。,猜测词义题常见形式：,直接对某个陌生的词汇进行理解；,对文中的某个代词确认指代的对象；,对多义词或短语进行文中含义的精确定义；,对英语中特有的表达、格言、谚语等进行直接的或解释性的描述。,词义猜测题常见的命题形式有：,1.What does the underlined word “”mean in the passage? 2.The word“”refer to/probably means . 3.The underline

2、d word “”in Paragraphmeans . 4.What do you think the expression“”stands for? 5.“ ”as used in the passage can best be defined as .,6.By saying “.”(Paragraph.),.means that.,【典例示范】,1.词义猜测题此类试题主要考查在特定语境中对生词或熟词生义的猜测能力。做此类试题通常采用同义解释法、因果推断法、前后对比法、定义释例法、基本构词法和语境理解法。总之,对于任何词汇的猜测都要基于对特定的语境理解和对主题的恰当把握。,(2018课标

3、全国,B)If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away.,What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph? A.A dessert.B.A drink.C.A container. D.A machine.,词义猜测题。根据文章最后一句中的“the machine”可知,孩子们喜欢把水果和冷冻香

4、蕉放到机器的顶部,看着冰激凌出来,因此,此处的“the machine”与“a juicer”相呼应。,故答案选D。,(2018课标全国,C)In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many

5、 languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.,Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?,A.Complex.B. Advanced.C. Powerful.D. Modern.,(2018北京,D)The first commercially available driverless cars will a

6、lmost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题).,What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?,A. Employed.B. Replaced. C. Shared.D. Reduced.,考查词义猜测题。画线单词所在句子和后面一句话形成了转折关

7、系,后面一句提到随着价格的下降和更多的人对这种技术的适应,无人驾驶汽车作为私家车的拥有量会提高,画线单词所在句子与后一句意思相反,表示的是“考虑到费用、责任与维护问题,首批无人驾驶车辆的个 人拥有情况不会很乐观,这些车几乎都会被叫车服务所利用”,因此可以判断出画线单词意为“使用,利用”,与 employed的意思一致。,故答案选A。,2.句义猜测题句义猜测题通常考查的是考生对一个具有概括性的句子、谚语、格言警句或是人物的原话等的理解,考生要通过上下文的情景暗示及文章的主题思想来判断句意,只有紧密结合语境,才能既理解其字面意思,也能理解其深层含义。,(2018全国D)Adults underst

8、and what it feels like to be flooded with objects.Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings?The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.,What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A. Th

9、e more, the better. B. Enough is enough. C .More money, more worries. D. Earn more and spend more.,根据第一段最后一句话可知,我帮我自己的孩子学会了用更少的东西生活得更好,由此推断出画线词语的意思是“越多越好”,所以答案为A项。B项:适可而止。C项: 钱越多就越担心。D项:挣得多花得多。这三项与父母希望孩子拥有更多的东西的想法不符。,故答案选A。,(2018江苏,B)Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in dar

10、kness, they couldnt tell how much theyd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.,The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were . A. no

11、t aware of eating more than usual B .not willing to share food with others C. not conscious of the food quality D. not fond of the food provided,画线短语前提到“在光线暗的地方吃饭,顾客无法判断已经吃了多少东西。被给了超大份食物的顾客会比其他人吃得多”, 画线短语后提到“他们并没有感觉到吃得更饱”,再根据连词but的提示可推断,画线短语的意思为“没有意识到比平常吃得更多”。,故答案选A。,3.猜测指代题代词通常指代上文已提到的内容。代词指代要注意在数、

12、格、逻辑、意义和位置等方面与之接近的名词或句子。就位置而言,代词所指代的词句通常在本句或其上句中。只有把握代词指代所在段落或前面段落的整体意思,问题才能解决。,(2017全国)We shared the belief that if youre fortunate enough to have success,you should put something back he with his Newmans Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill,and me with Sundance an

13、d the institute and the festival.Paul and I didnt see each other all that regularly,but sharing that brought us together.We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.,（2017全国卷I） Despite the celebrations, though, in the US the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and t

14、he music has failed to connect with younger generations.Its Jason Morans job to help change that. As the Kennedy Centres artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.,What does the underlined word “that” i

15、n Paragraph 3 refer to?AJazz becoming more accessible.BThe production of jazz growing faster.CJazz being less popular with the young.DThe jazz audience becoming larger.,根据前文“Despite the celebrations, though, in the US the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to

16、connect with younger generations.”可知，尽管联合国教科文组织为爵士乐设定了纪念日，但美国的爵士乐听众依然在减少，并且年龄在老化。爵士乐没能将年轻一代人与老一代人联接起来。再结合“Its Jason Morans job to help change that.”可知，Jason Moran的工作就是帮助改变上述情况，所以可推测that指代的是前文中爵士乐在年轻一代人中失去吸引力的现象。,故答案选C。,(2017全国)We shared the belief that if youre fortunate enough to have success,you s

17、hould put something back he with his Newmans Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill,and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival.Paul and I didnt see each other all that regularly,but sharing that brought us together.We supported each other financially and

18、by showing up at events.,What does the underlined word“that” in paragraph 3 refer to?A.Their belief.B.Their care for children.C.Their success.D.Their support for each other.,根据上文的“We shared the belief that if youre fortunate enough to have success,you should put something back.”可知,作者和Paul有着相同的信念如果足够

19、成功,则应该回报社会。所以这种信仰把他们的心连在一起。此处的that指他们的信念。,故答案选A。,猜测词义的方法和技巧,1. 根据定义、解释和复述猜测词义,猜测词义的方法很多，其中一条是根据定义或解释来猜测其意义。这种情况下，生词往往出现在前面，定义或解释往往跟在生词的后面，由or或破折号引出。生词的意义也就清楚了。复述也是一种解释方法，即用不同的词语重复表达同一内容。复述部分可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句或句子。在做这类题时，要注意复述和被复述部分往往构成同位语关系，在句中多用逗号连接，有时也用破折号、冒号或分号来连接。有时他们中间还常常插入一个起解释作用的标志语如or，or rather，

20、that is to say，that is，namely，in other words 等来强调这种同位关系。,2. 通过原因或结果关系猜测词义,文章中的上下文常常有因果关系，根据结果可以推测出原因。例如：because，since，as是连接原因状语从句的连词；sothat与suchthat中的that是连接结果状语从句的连词。当这些信息词出现在有生词的句子中时，可以通过因果关系猜测生词含义。,3根据对比关系猜测词义,这类题的上下文提示不是作者对生词、难词所做的解释和说明，而是需要读者运用语言知识和分析能力去细心搜寻和领悟相关信息之间存在的种种逻辑关系。根据这种逻辑关系所提供的思路和范围，

21、来分析判断有关词的词义或相近的意义，从而达到理解全文思想内容的目的。转折词but，让步状语从句及unlike，in spite of，despite，however等一些介词和副词都可以帮助构成意义上的对比关系。,4利用常识、自己的经验、经历及社会、科技等方面知识猜测词义,有时碰到生词，也不必惊慌。根据上下文或整句的理解，运用常识或相关的知识，也能猜出该生词的含义。,5.构词法猜测词义,合成法。合成词是由两个或两个以上的单词构成的。遇到这类生词时可根据合成法来猜测词义。,英语的合成词有合成形容词、合成名词等。合成形容词的构成方法如下:,(1) 形容词+现在分词，如 good-looking好看

22、的(2) 副词+现在分词，如 hard-working辛勤的(3) 名词+过去分词，如 state-owned国有的(4) 名词+现在分词，如 peace-loving爱好和平的,合成名词常见的方式有：,（1） 名词+名词，如 silkworm蚕（2） 形容词+名词，如 shorthand速记（3） 现在分词+名词，如waiting-room候车室（4） 动词+名词，如 pickpocket扒手,派生法。派生法，即在词根的基础上加上前缀、后缀，便可构成另一单词。只要掌握了词根和前后缀的含义，就可推测出它们组成新词的词义。,词根是的基本含义，前缀改变词义，后缀改变词性。如 depend动词dependence名词independence（独立）名词。,