托福备考经验：阅读推理题解题策略.docx

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1、托福备考经验：阅读推理题解题策略 如何备考托福考试更加高速有效率?如何备考托福阅读?托福阅读有什么解题技巧?我为大家带来托福备考阅历：阅读推理题解题策略，一起来看。 托福备考阅历：阅读推理题解题策略 1、一般对比推理：依据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。 2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。 3、集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的削减。反之，相

2、同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子： 例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade

3、 and distribution. What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War? (A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers. (B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined. (C) Many farms destroyed in the war

4、were rebuilt after the war. (D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation. 文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。 托福备考阅历之解答托福阅读推理题须要留意的信息点 1.日期和数字。 2.关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most ;情态动词：may, can , could;表示过去的：used to be , was, were

5、, at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。 托福阅读：浅谈推理题中的类比逻辑关系 许多同学最近始终和我埋怨，托福阅读中的推理题好难啊，许多题目的正确选项在文中都找不到，说好的忠于原文，说好的不用多想，不用为作者分忧解难呢?这时候我会偷笑，因为你们遇到的是细微环节题的升级版本推理题!我们平常在阅读教学中始终和同学强调，阅读要忠于原文，不要大开脑洞，全部答案均出现在原文中。唯独有一种题目即推理题，须要学生不仅在文中找到相关依据，还要依据这个依据走一步推理的过程，才能得出答案。 今日就想和大家共享一下阅读推理题中涉及

6、到的一种逻辑推理关系 类比关系，此类逻辑关系一般出现在对比类的文段中。即文章中出现A,B两个比较对象， A与B有相同特征，于是我们可以依据A的特证来推断B也有相同的特征。举个例子：像小明一样，小红爱吃西瓜，于是乎我们可以从这句话里推断出不仅小红爱吃西瓜，小明也爱吃。接下去，我们就来看看这种逻辑关系在推理题中的应用。 Paragraph 1: When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farthe

7、r into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles. What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1? A . They are considered by some to be reptiles. B. Their bodies are built in a way that helps them ma

8、nage extremely cold temperatures. C .They are distantly related to leatherback turtles. D .They can swim farther than leatherback turtles. 这道题目，题干问我们依据其次段的内容我们可以对鲸鱼作出何种推断，于是乎我们依据解题技巧快速回到文中搜寻定位词whales, 找到以下这句话 ”the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle.” 这句话告知

9、我们leatherback turtle更像爬行的whales, 虽然此句没有干脆提到whales的特征，但我们可以依据刚刚提到的类比关系做一步逻辑推断啊。既然leatherback turtle很像whales, 那么leatherback turtle的特征也应当就是whales的特征，因此我们只要找到leatherback turtle的描述信息即可发觉whales的特征。原文最终一句话提到， leatherback turtle会游到寒冷的南北海洋并且有特别的处理冰水的实力。于是乎我们可以得出whales也有相同特征。答案对应B选项。 再来看一道稍难的题目吧 Buck rubs als

10、o have a scent. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication. Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. The presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males be

11、ing in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk. What can be i

12、nferred from paragraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk? A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species. B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to covey information about their identity. C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to

13、 the presence of bull elk in their vicinity. D.Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do. 此题问我们，依据第四段我们可以对trumpeting of bull elk做出怎样的推断。依据关键词trumpeting of bull elk我们快速找到原文最终一个单词。既然是出现在文章的最终位置，那我们只好去往前推了。而前句又提到了一个我们特别熟识的逻辑关系类比关系。来看这句话 The information conv

14、eyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.这句话告知我们buck rub发出的olfactory signal和trumpeting of bull elk发出的auditory signal有相同的社会作用。依据前文我们知道buck rub可以反映年长雄鹿在鹿群里的社会地位。于是乎我们便可以做进一步推理，即trumpeting of

15、 bull elk也应当有相像地功能。 托福阅读：我们都是柯南，详解推断题 推断题，顾名思义，就是要做肯定的推理，于是，同学们沸腾了，推理啊!谁不会啊!毛利小五郎上身!神探夏洛克附体!我就是柯南!五花八门，无奇不有，无孔不入，好像每个选项都很有道理!于是，陷入死循环，等到再遇到这样的题型，只能凭感觉，看到哪个选项顺眼，就选择哪个选项。然后，你就错了。 那么，今日我们从一个最简洁的角度来攻破推断题，即反向推理。 反向推理，指当事物A和事物B特征相反，现在已知事物A特征，问B特征时，那么B等于A的反向特征。而其中，最为明显的在于时间前后的推理。我们先看一道特别简洁的真题。 【Paragraph 1

16、】The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agricultureof the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled m

17、ore and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. "Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward," observed an English

18、visitor in 1817,during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the West reached a peak in the 1830's. Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there. 1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about weste

19、rn farmers prior to 1815? A.They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. B. They were able to sell their produce at high prices. C. They had not been successful in raising cattle. D. They did not operate in a national market economy. 本题中有特别明显的信息可以帮助我们定位，即年份数字“1815”，定位到

20、原文After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. 在1815年之后，改进的交通方式使得越来越多的西部弄明逃开了自给自足的生活方式，进入了国家市场经济。这是讲在1815年之后的事情，而题干中问的是“prior to 1815”，即在1815年之前，那么依据反向推理原理，干脆对1815年之后的事情取反，即“在1815年之前，交通方式还未改进，人们是

21、自给自足的生活方式，还未进入国家市场经济”，干脆对应D选项。所以本题选择D选项。 在托福阅读考试当中，时间上的反向推理题还有许多许多，难度也可能会更高，比如，我们再来一道题。 【Paragraph 1】It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track t

22、he rise and fall of biodiversity. Since the Cambrian period, biodiversity has generally risen, but there have been some notable exceptions. Biodiversity collapsed dramatically during at least five periods because of mass extinctions around the globe. The five major mass extinctions receive most of t

23、he attention, but they are only one end of a spectrum of extinction events. Collectively, more species went extinct during smaller events that were less dramatic but more frequent. The best known of the five major extinction events, the one that saw the demise of the dinosaurs, is the Cretaceous-Ter

24、tiary extinction. 2. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about life on Earth before the Cambrian period? A. Biodiversity levels were steady, as indicated by the fossil record. B. Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked. C. The most dramatic extinction episode occurred. D. Few

25、microscopic species existed. 本题中我们可以依据专业词汇“Cambrian period”定位到It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity. 直到六亿年

26、前的寒武纪时期，肉眼可见的生物才在地球上大量出现并产生可以让我们了解物种多样性兴衰的化石。可是题干中用的是“before the Cambrian period”，即寒武纪之前，那么只要将原文中寒武纪之后的内容取反，即“在寒武纪之前，肉眼可见的生物还没有大量出现，我们还不能了解物种的多样性”，对应B选项。 所以，当问题或原句信息中出现了明确的在某种时间前后发生的事务时，大家要留意作者已经在给出肯定的提示了，我们可以通过前后的信息进行推断。 托福备考之阅读技巧与方法介绍 一、 托福阅读方法 1. 精读的方法 精读是指仔细地阅读文章中的每一句话，驾驭句子的含义，弄清句子间的逻辑关系，从而理解整段话

27、甚至全文的内容。精读的基础主要是词汇量和语法。在阅读理解中主要体现在长难句的理解上。假如这些句子影响对文章的理解，就必需要花费较长的时间仔细阅读，以求获得精确的理解。 2. 意群阅读法 语言是用来传递信息的，阅读的目的就是为了获得信息，因此只要能够精确地把握信息即可。要想在比较短的时间内驾驭足够多的信息，我们就必需学会意群阅读法。这就要求我们在阅读的时候不要把留意力放在每一个单词上，而是要以意群(主要包括词组、固定搭配和完整的句意组合)为单位，将留意力放在关键词上，从而驾驭该句所表达的含义。 二、托福阅读技巧 1. 把握词义 阅读过程中我们不免会遇到生词，有些考生在阅读中一遇到生词就停下来查字

28、典，这种方法是不正确的。有些词的确会影响到理解，查字典当然是一种方法，但是频繁地查字典不仅会影响阅读速度，还会影响对文章整体内容的理解。所以，考生在平常要学会处理阅读中的生词，驾驭揣测生词的方法。 2. 理清结构 阅读时，要先辨别清晰文章的体裁，理清文章的结构，把握主旨大意，找出文章的主题句。理清文章结构有助于考生从整篇文章考虑，选出正确答案，避开因考虑不周或考虑片面而造成理解上的偏差。阅读文章后的问题一般也是根据文章结构依次提出的，所以理清文章结构还有助于考生在尽量短的时间内找到问题的答案。 3. 分析选项 学会分析选项对于提高阅读分数有着重要的意义。阅读选项的干扰项可能是下面几种状况：1)

29、与文章细微环节部分相同、部分相悖;2)选项本身是正确的，但不是问题的答案，不符合题干的要求;3)与常识相符合，但在文章中没有提及;4)明显与文章信息不符等等。驾驭题目选项特点有助于考生在较短的时间里做出精确的选择。 4. 扩大学问面 扩大学问面对于提高阅读题目正确率来说非常重要。假如考生对阅读文章的话题一窍不通，在做题的时候必定会感到很迷茫，理解文章大意时也会很困难。假如考生平常留意扩大学问面，多了解各方面的学问，那么在阅读时就会感到很轻松。 托福备考阅历：阅读推理题解题策略本文来源：网络收集与整理，如有侵权，请联系作者删除，谢谢！第14页 共14页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页第 14 页 共 14 页