LessonPlan英语教案英语口语交际——提出假设教学设计10111.pdf

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1、Lesson Plan A hypothesis is an explanation for a set of observations.Here are examples of a scientific hypothesis.Although you could state a scientific hypothesis in various ways,most hypotheses are either If,then statements or forms of the null hypothesis.The null hypothesis is sometimes called the

2、 no difference hypothesis.The null hypothesis is good for experimentation because its simple to disprove.If you disprove a null hypothesis,that is evidence for a relationship between the variables you are examining.Examples of Null Hypotheses Hyperactivity is unrelated to eating sugar.All daisies ha

3、ve the same number of petals.The number of pets in a household is unrelated to the number of people living in it.A persons preference for a shirt is unrelated to its color.Examples of If,Then Hypotheses If you get at least 6 hours of sleep,you will do better on tests than if you get less sleep.If yo

4、u drop a ball,it will fall toward the ground.If you drink coffee before going to bed,then it will take longer to fall asleep.If you cover a wound with a bandage,then it will heal with less scarring.Improving a Hypothesis to Make It Testable You may wish to revise your first hypothesis in order to ma

5、ke it easier to design an experiment to test.For example,lets say you have a bad breakout the morning after eating a lot of greasy food.You may wonder if there is a correlation between eating greasy food and getting pimples.You propose the hypothesis:Eating greasy food causes pimples.Next,you need t

6、o design an experiment to test this hypothesis.Lets say you decide to eat greasy food every day for a week and record the effect on your face.Then,as a control,youll avoid greasy food for the next week and see what happens.Now,this is not a good experiment because it does not take into account other

7、 factors such as hormone levels,stress,sun exposure,exercise,or any number of other variables that might conceivably affect your skin.The problem is that you cannot assign cause to your effect.If you eat french fries for a week and suffer a breakout,can you definitely say it was the grease in the fo

8、od that caused it?Maybe it was the salt.Maybe it was the potato.Maybe it was unrelated to diet.You cant prove your hypothesis.Its much easier to disprove a hypothesis.So,lets restate the hypothesis to make it easier to evaluate the data:Getting pimples is unaffected by eating greasy food.So,if you e

9、at fatty food every day for a week and suffer breakouts and then dont break out the week that you avoid greasy food,you can be pretty sure something is up.Can you disprove the hypothesis?Probably not,since it is so hard to assign cause and effect.However,you can make a strong case that there is some relationship between diet and acne.If your skin stays clear for the entire test,you may decide to accept your hypothesis.Again,you didnt prove or disprove anything,which is fine