(3.4.1)--2.4Extra-MediaForcesandIdeology.ppt

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1、International NewsComparison and Analysis国 际 新 闻 比 较 与 分 析2.1HierarchyofInfluenceonNewsPart II:Deciding Whats News2.2GatekeepingandPersonalinfluence2.3Mediaroutinesandorganizationalinfluences2.4Extra-media forces and ideologyExtra-media forces and ideology2.4Hierarchy of influence on newsJournalists

2、MediaroutinesOrganizationExtramediaforcesIdeologyTwoGroupsInternal factors&External factorsJournalistsMediaroutinesOrganizationExtramediaforcesIdeologyExtra-media ForcesNews is influenced and constrained by organizational goals and policies.Extra-media Forces1.Economic environmenti.e.2008financialcr

3、isisloveralleconomicsituationleconomicliabilityofmedialBudget-savingmeasures:cuttingeditorialexpenseslayingoffjournalistsreducingofficespacewithdrawingforeigncorrespondslInevitablyinfluencetheproductionofnewslInternationalnews(expensive)sufferedmoreseverelySource:https:/ Forces2.Market structureThe

4、degree of competition(i.e.monopolyordiversifiedmarket)The source of revenue,diversity of advertisement market(i.e.generalmarketornichemarket)The scope of the market(i.e.regional,nationalorinternational)Extra-media Forces3.Government control Laws,regulations,policiesi.e.nationalsecuritylawsi.e.broadc

5、astingregulationsi.e.copyrightpoliciesPolitical interventionGAPPSAPPRFTTheOffice of Communications,commonly known asOfcom,isthe UK government-approvedregulatoryauthorityforthebroadcasting,telecommunicationsandpostalindustriesoftheUK.Extra-media Forces4.Media-community/society relationshipsi.e.Media

6、monitoring organizationsi.e.Interest groups lobbyingi.e.Media activismhttps:/ Forces5.Source tacticslJournalistsconstantlyfacesourcepressureandsourcemanipulationli.e.PR,Spokesperson,“Spin”i.e.“Spindoctor”AlastairCampbellnFormerjournalistinDailyMirrornBlairsspokesman(1994-1997)nDirectorofDept.ofCommu

7、nicationandStrategy(1997-2003)nPressmanipulationinIraqWarExtra-media Forces1.Economic environment3.Government control li.e.Laws,regulations,policiesli.e.Politicalintervention4.Media-community/society relationships5.Source tacticsli.e.PR,Spokesperson,“Spin”2.Market structureJournalistsMediaroutinesOr

8、ganizationExtramediaforcesIdeologyIdeological ConstraintsNews is influenced by ideological Constraints.“Anideologyisanintegratedsetofframesofreferencethroughwhicheachofusseestheworldandtowhichallofusadjustouractions”(Becker,1984,p.69)Ideologyrefersnotonlytoindividualbeliefsystembutalsotothesocietalphenomenon/theculturalvaluesystemsofagivensociety.Ideologydetermineswhatnewscanbecovered,howtheyshouldbecovered,howtheyarereceivedbythepublic,whatis“suitable”whatisnot.i.e.“political correctness”https:/