构词法、名词、介词-英语基础.ppt

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1、构词法重点掌握约3800个基础英语单词和相应的常用词组；英语中有一半的词汇是通过构词法造出来的；主要有三种构词法：转换、合成和派生。转换法（Conversion）转换法就是一个词的语形不变，而转变了词类。转化了的词与未转化的词常常有意思上的密切联系。（一）名词 动词1.They boated down the river.2.Dont forget to date your letters.cost,end,face,line,oil,sun,mark,point,back,fool,side,side,etc.（二）动词 名词1.Lets have a rest.2.The cause of

2、 the fire was carelessness.fly,walk,fight,visit,swim,study,etc.（三）形容词/副词 动词1.Please warm(up)this milk.2.Has his anger cooled yet?right,empty,free,down（打倒）,up（抬起）,out（赶出）,further(促进),etc.（四）形容词 名词The poor and the rich lived different life.fat,final,native,young,old,etc.（五）特殊转化1.读音变化(前名动后)：conduct,exp

3、ort,record,import,increase,insult,present,permit,etc.2.读音变化，拼写也变化：livelife,singsong,speak speech,loseadviseadvice,sellsale,telltale,fillfullExercises:bottle,nurse,water,land;try,help,look;dirty,dry,warm,open,slow;合成法是由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词。这类词高中学过的很多，有的连写，有的用连词符号，也有分开写的。复合词最多的是名词，还有少量的形容词和副词，如：birthday cl

4、assmate blackboard football anybody overcoat notebook newspaper everyday without upside raincoat airport grandfather daydream good-looking reading-room harvest-time hard-working world-famous 派生法（一）前缀co,col,com,con,cor 共同 cooperation协作 collaboration协作，勾结 combine联合 il,im,in,ir否定 illogical不合逻辑的impossib

5、le不可能的 invisible 看不见的mis 错，坏 mistake错误 misspell拼错 non 否定 nonsmoker不抽烟的人 nonexistent不存在的 tri 三 tri-car三轮车 triangle三角(形)un 否定 unstable不稳定的 unknown未知的 under下，内(指衣服)underground地下的 underskirt衬裙 uni 单一 uniform均匀的 unipolar单极的（二）后缀able,ible 可的，能的 readable可读的 sensible可觉察的 al(adj)具有性质的，如的 personal个人的 regional

6、地区的 al(n)表动作，人，事物 proposal提案 professional专业人员 ance,ence 表状态，性质 importance重要性 confidence自信 dom 表性质，状态，行为 freedom自由 wisdom智慧 ee 表动物的承受者 employee雇员 trainee受训练的人 er,or 表人，物 singer歌唱家 survivor幸存者en(v)使变成 harden使硬 shorten使短 en(adj)有质的，似的 golden金色的 woolen毛的 ful 充满的，具有性质的 cupful一满杯 fearful可怕的 ive 有性质的，有作用的

7、protective保护的 productive生产的 ly 如的，有特性的 manly男子气的 lovely可爱的 ment 表行为，状态，性质 movement运动 management管理 ness 表状态，性质 darkness黑暗 kindness仁慈 名词（Noun)1.名词 名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，

8、如：family。3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。1.1 名 词 的 数 1)一般情况下,在词尾加-s.例如:bags，maps，pens，desks，workers 2)名词以辅音+o 结尾的,加-es,变为复数形式。heroes,potatoes,tomatoes 3)极少数名词虽然以-o 或者-f 结尾,变成复数则只加-s,为数 不多,如 radios pianos photos roofs 等。4)英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆，常 见的有：man-men woman-women fo

9、ot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-nice ox-oxen sheep-sheep dear-dear fish-fish child-children5)英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。scissors 剪刀 goods 货物 trousers 裤子 clothes 衣服 glasses 玻璃杯 1.2 名词的格 英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下：1）单数名词词尾加s，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加s，如the boys bag 男孩的书包，mens room 男厕所。2）若

10、名词已有复数词尾-s，只加 ，如：the workers struggle工人的斗争。3）表示无生命东西的名词所有格,一般与 of 构成短语表示前者属于后者。Its a map of China.它是一幅中国画。I forgot the title of the film.我忘记电影名字了。Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都。4）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示分别有；只有一个s，则表示共有。例如：Johns and Marys rooms（两间）John and Marys room（一间）冠词（Article）复习要点：1.a 和 an的

11、选择决定于名词的第一个发音音素，而不是首位字母。an用于以元音音素开头之前。以字母u开头的名词，如发音为ju:时，前加a,如：Jack entered a university in Paris.2.a/an 表示“任何一类”，只能用于单数名词之前。如：An elephant is stronger than a horse.3.某些固定短语中，a是不可缺少的一部分。如：a couple of 两个，一对；a good time开心时刻；a great deal of 大量（后接不可数名词等）.4.定冠词用于形容词最高级和序数词前。如：the best season，the first lad

12、y.5.指世上独一物二的事物，如the sun，the sky，the moon，the earth等。6.用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人。例如：the Greens 格林一家人7.与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如the dollar 美元;the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人;the living 生者。代词1.few 和 little,表示”少”和”几乎没有”的意思,具有否定意义.a few和a little表示”一点”和”一些”的意思,具有肯定意义。如:I know(a)little English.I have(a)few friends.2

13、.each 和 every 的区别：every用作形容词，后面必须跟名词。Each则用作名词或形容词。因此“我们中的每个人”应译作为everyone of us或each of us，而不是every of us.3.”one of the+复数名词”做主语时，谓语用单数，但当”none of the+复数名词”做主语时，谓语用单、复数均可。4.由 and 连接两个先行词时，代词用复数。如：George and John sat down with their coats on.5.由or,eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also连接的先行词，若在数和性上是一致

14、的，就用其相应的代词；如果先行词在数和性上不一致，代词可与邻近的先行词保持一致，在正式文体中也可用两个不同的代词。如：Neither the parcel nor the letters had reached their destination.If either David or Janet comes,he or she will want a drink of water.6.当each,everyone,everybody,no one,none,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody用作主语或主语限定词时，其相应的代词一般用单数形式。如：Eve

15、rybody talked at the top of his voice.Nobody in a position of authority had given his approval of the bill.7.当everything,anything,something,nothing 等用作主语时，句中相应的代词一般只按语法一致的原则，用单数形式。Everything is all right,isnt it?8.one/another/the other 1）泛指另一个用another。2）一定范围内两人（物），一个用one，另一个用the other。3）一定范围内三者，一个用o

16、ne，另一个用one（another），第三个可 用 the other，a third。4）一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。5）泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余 部分但不是全部时，也用others。介词注意部分主要介词的用法差异：A.表示时间的介词1.at,in,on,during at表示确切的时间点或较短暂的一段时间。如at two oclock,at sunrise;in 表示一天中的各部分时间或较长的时间。如：in the evening,in 1967,in April;on表示具体的某一天或某一天的上午或下午。如：

17、on Sunday,on Mondays afternoon;during表示一段时间，强调时间的延续。如：during the Summer vacation.2.for,since for 表示一段时间，强调的是经过的长久。如for a year,for a week；since由表示“从某时起直到现在”之意，常用于带有完成体动词的句子中。如：He has lived here since 1980.3.from,by from 表示“从某时起”，fromto表示“从某时到某时”。如from 1987 to 2004.by 表示“到某时止”，“在某时以前”。如：He will have f

18、inished school by the end of this month.B.表示地点的介词1.in,at in表示较大的地方或场所，at 表示较小的地方或场所。如：He arrived in London.He arrived at the airport at ten in the morning.2.over,under,above,below over 表示“垂直高于”，under表示“垂直低于”。above只表示“高于”，below只表示低于。如：He hung the picture over the fire place.There is a football under

19、the desk.The birds were flying above the woods.The saw nothing but mud below them.3.to,towards,for to 表示目的，towards表示方向，for表示朝向目标。如 Tom traveled to Chicago by train.The boy ran towards his mother.He left for London last night.形容词和副词1.当几个形容词个儿一个名词时，其排列顺序是：好坏、美丑等形容词+大小、新旧、颜色+质地、属性+名词。如：Marys good small

20、 new dark brown leather bag.2.和前缀a组成的形容词只能作表语而不能做定语，这些形容词是：afraid,alive,alike,alone,ashamed,asleep,awake等。3.ill作“病”讲时，只能作表语。如不能说 an ill person,而应说a sick person。当作“坏、有害的”讲时，可以作定语。如：ill luck(坏运气)。4.当被修饰的是以-thing,-one,-body结尾的不定代词时，作定语的形容 词后置。如：Why dont you read something interesting?5.用原级进行比较时，通常用as 构

21、成的句型：asas,not asas,not asas.注意一定要用原级，不能用比较级。另外，在肯定结构中，禁用soas.6.注意not和no有些用法上的区别，如：He is not wiser than you.He is no wiser than you.“not wiser than”表示than的前后两者都是肯定的，但有差距，前者 不如后者，译成“不及”；“no wiser than”表示的前后两者都是否定的，两者无差距，译成 “与一样不”。7.以-ly结尾的形容词 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，live

22、ly，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。如：He spoke to me very friendly.（错）应改为：He spoke to me in a very friendly way.8.有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词，如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early等。例如：The Times is a weekly paper.The Times is published weekly.9.副词的排列顺序：1）时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。2）方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。如：Please write s

23、lowly and carefully.3）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。10.注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。I very like English.(错)应改为：I like English very much.11.副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都 可。例如：I dont know him well enough.他我不熟悉。There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。There is food enough for everyone to eat.Wri

24、ting一、自荐信一、自荐信 有一国外学校欲在国内选取若干名大学生去国外进修，请进行自我推荐并说明选择上该校的理由。下面这封信采用缩进式写作形式。Dear Sir or Madam:I m very glad to avail myself of the chance to recommend myself to you.My name is Thomas.I m studying in the Chinese Department in Northwest Normal University,majoring in the Chinese language and literature.I

25、m getting along with my studies quite well,obtaining three“Top Students”awards in my major.I am also an honest,industrious and progressive person,which makes me very popular in and out of my class.Accordingly,I have quite a few friends in and out of the college.Then,why do I choose to attend your co

26、llege?I think there are three main reasons for this.First,your college enjoys a very good reputation.Second,your college offers the first-class teaching facilities and a very good studying atmosphere,which is of primary importance to the academic study.Third,your college provides the promising stude

27、nts with opportunities of all-round development.Therefore,I am applying for the admittance to your university.Thank you for reading my letter.I m looking forward to your kind and early reply.Best wishes,Your sincerely,Thomas 二、二、A Letter of Thanks一封感一封感谢信信(这封信采用封信采用齐头式式)Dear Mark:Tom and I both to t

28、hank you for the many kindness you showed Jim whenhe visited your campus last week.He has returned full of enthusiasm forHill College.Having been raised in the shadow of a large university,he found the close contact between students and faculty at Hill particularly exciting.Your were right on target

29、 to arrange an interview with Dr.Johnson of the Chemistry Department and to have a student take Jim to a soccer game.Seeing the well-equipped laboratories and the spirit of the athletes confirmed his belief that he has chosen the right school.If you will be in our area in the coming months,do give u

30、s a call.We wouldenjoy having you come for dinner and an evening of catching up.GiveEllen our regards.Cordially,Tom and Kate 三、三、A Letter of Complaint 一封投一封投诉信信 Dear Manager:Much to my regret,I write this to place a complaint against your bad delivery service in your company.The Samsung tape recorde

31、r model number JB/4703 which I ordered from your company on Nov.1,arrived yesterday.The serial number of the machine is 4703-0641.I am sorry to report that the recorder has been badly damaged.There was no unusual damage to the packing case,butwhen I opened it,I found that the lid of the recorder had

32、 been cracked and that the front surface of the machine had been scratched.Since there was such damage to the goods,I decided to file a complaintagainst the delivery service.Would you please let me know whether Ishould return the recorder to you for a replacement or if you have anauthorized service

33、representative here to which I should take it?I willhold onto this recorder until I hear from you.Sincerely yours,Li Ming 四、道歉信四、道歉信 1、因迟复来信致歉Because of answering one s letter late Dear David:I am afraid that you will think me unpardonably negligent in not having answered yourletter dated 7,December

34、 sooner,but when I have told you the reason,I trust you willbe convinced that the neglect was excusable.When your letter arrived,I was just inHong Kong.As my family could not forward it to me during my absence,it has been,therefore,lying on my desk until the moment when I took it up.Now the first th

35、ing Ihave to hasten to do is to write to you these few lines to express my deep regret.I enjoyed many pleasant sights during my trip.I shall be pleased to give you an account toof them when I see you next.Sincerely yours,Tom 2、因未能践约赴宴致歉Unable to keep one s promise Dear Miss Nancy,Much to my regret I was unable to keep my promise to attend your birthday party last Saturday,owing to the fact that my little son was suddenly taken ill early that day.Hoping to see you soon.Truly yours,Tom