医学英语写作指导讲稿.ppt

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1、医学英语写作指导医学英语写作指导第一页，讲稿共五十六页哦contentsl人体器官、血液和细菌的形状和特征的描述人体器官、血液和细菌的形状和特征的描述l人体各器官位置的描述方式人体各器官位置的描述方式l人体各系统、器官、组织和细胞结构的描述人体各系统、器官、组织和细胞结构的描述l医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式l投稿信投稿信(cover letter)(cover letter)的写作的写作第二页，讲稿共五十六页哦人体器官、血液和细菌的形状和人体器官、血液和细菌的形状和特征的描述特征的描述 第三页，讲稿共五十六页哦l1 1表示形状的句型：表示形状的句型：1 1）名词

2、名词+be+shaped like+be+shaped like+名词名词表示某器官或物体的形状表示某器官或物体的形状“象象，”或或“呈呈形形”。例：例：The heart is shaped like a cone.The heart is shaped like a cone.心脏呈心脏呈圆锥形。圆锥形。第四页，讲稿共五十六页哦l2 2）名词名词+be+be+名词名词-shaped+-shaped+名词名词表示某个器官或物体表示某个器官或物体“是个是个形状的器官（或形状的器官（或物体）物体）”。例：例：The diaphragm is a dome-shaped The diaphragm

3、 is a dome-shaped organ.organ.膈是一个圆顶状的器官。膈是一个圆顶状的器官。第五页，讲稿共五十六页哦l3 3）名词名词+be+a,an+be+a,an+形容词形容词+organ+organ也表示某器官或某物体也表示某器官或某物体“是是形状的器官或物形状的器官或物体体”。例：例：The small intestine is a long,tubular The small intestine is a long,tubular organ.organ.小肠是长管形器官。小肠是长管形器官。第六页，讲稿共五十六页哦l2 2表示特征的句型：表示特征的句型：名词名词+be+b

4、e+形容词形容词表示某器官或某物体表示某器官或某物体“具有具有特征（或作用）特征（或作用）”。例：例：Monocytes are phagocytic.Monocytes are phagocytic.单核细胞具有单核细胞具有吞噬作用。吞噬作用。Some tissues are elastic.Some tissues are elastic.一些组织具有弹性。一些组织具有弹性。第七页，讲稿共五十六页哦l3 3用于比较和对照的连接词：用于比较和对照的连接词：1 1）bothandbothand例：例：Both erythrocytes and leucocytes are Both eryth

5、rocytes and leucocytes are flexible.flexible.红细胞和白细胞都具有伸缩性。红细胞和白细胞都具有伸缩性。2 2）neithernorneithernor例：例：Neither erythrocytes nor leucocytes are Neither erythrocytes nor leucocytes are adhesive.adhesive.红细胞和白细胞没有粘着性。红细胞和白细胞没有粘着性。第八页，讲稿共五十六页哦l3 3）but;whereasbut;whereas例：例：Platelets are adhesive but/where

6、as Platelets are adhesive but/whereas erythrocytes are not.erythrocytes are not.血小板具有粘着性而红细血小板具有粘着性而红细胞则没有。胞则没有。4 4）however;on the other handhowever;on the other hand例：例：Leucocytes are phagocytic,Leucocytes are phagocytic,erythrocytes,however/on the other hand,erythrocytes,however/on the other hand,

7、are not.are not.白细胞具有吞噬作用，而红细胞则没有。白细胞具有吞噬作用，而红细胞则没有。第九页，讲稿共五十六页哦l4 4用于进一步说明同一事物的短语及略语：用于进一步说明同一事物的短语及略语：In other words;i.e.In other words;i.e.例：例：Some cells and molecules can pass Some cells and molecules can pass through capillary walls,in other words,through capillary walls,in other words,capillar

8、ies are permeable.capillaries are permeable.有些细胞和分子能通过有些细胞和分子能通过毛细血管壁，换句话说，毛细血管具有通透性。毛细血管壁，换句话说，毛细血管具有通透性。Arteries are long,tubular blood vessels which Arteries are long,tubular blood vessels which can bend and stretch,i.e.they are flexible and can bend and stretch,i.e.they are flexible and elastic.

9、elastic.动脉是长管形血管，能弯曲，能伸展，也就动脉是长管形血管，能弯曲，能伸展，也就是说，既柔韧又有弹性。是说，既柔韧又有弹性。第十页，讲稿共五十六页哦l5 5用于例证的短语和略语：用于例证的短语和略语：for example;e.g.for example;e.g.例：例：The white cells include a number of The white cells include a number of various types.Some of them,for example,have various types.Some of them,for example,hav

10、e nuclei which are irregular in shape.nuclei which are irregular in shape.白细胞包括白细胞包括许多类型，如，某些白细胞具有不规则的核。许多类型，如，某些白细胞具有不规则的核。The gonococcus and meningococcus,for The gonococcus and meningococcus,for example,are coffee-bean shaped.example,are coffee-bean shaped.例如，淋球菌例如，淋球菌和脑膜炎球菌都呈咖啡豆形。和脑膜炎球菌都呈咖啡豆形。第十

11、一页，讲稿共五十六页哦l6 6用于表述事物名称的短语：用于表述事物名称的短语：be called;be known asbe called;be known as例：例：The red cells,which are called The red cells,which are called erythrocytes,are rather small and have no erythrocytes,are rather small and have no nuclei.nuclei.红细胞，也叫做红血球，很小而无核。红细胞，也叫做红血球，很小而无核。The cylindrical bacte

12、ria are known as bacilli.The cylindrical bacteria are known as bacilli.圆柱形细菌被称为杆菌。圆柱形细菌被称为杆菌。第十二页，讲稿共五十六页哦人体各器官位置的描述方式人体各器官位置的描述方式第十三页，讲稿共五十六页哦l 1 1）be+be+介词短语介词短语表示某器官或物体在什么地方。表示某器官或物体在什么地方。例：例：The gallbladder is below the liver.The gallbladder is below the liver.胆胆囊在肝脏下面。囊在肝脏下面。2 2）lie+lie+介词短语介词短

13、语表示某器官或物体在什么地方。表示某器官或物体在什么地方。例：例：The stomach lies between the liver and The stomach lies between the liver and the spleen.the spleen.胃位于肝和脾之间。胃位于肝和脾之间。第十四页，讲稿共五十六页哦l3 3）be+located(be+located(或或situated)situated)也表示某器官或物体位于什么地方。也表示某器官或物体位于什么地方。例：例：The cervical vertebrae are located at The cervical ve

14、rtebrae are located at the top end of the vertebral column.the top end of the vertebral column.颈椎颈椎位于脊柱的顶端。位于脊柱的顶端。The heart is situated immediately behind The heart is situated immediately behind the sternum.the sternum.心脏紧靠在胸骨之后。心脏紧靠在胸骨之后。第十五页，讲稿共五十六页哦l4 4）be related to+be related to+名词；名词；be in c

15、ontact with be in contact with+名词名词表示某器官与另一器官相接触或相邻。表示某器官与另一器官相接触或相邻。例：例：The transverse colon is related The transverse colon is related anterosuperiorly to the liver.anterosuperiorly to the liver.横结肠的前上方横结肠的前上方与肝脏相接触。与肝脏相接触。第十六页，讲稿共五十六页哦l5 5）extend+from+extend+from+名词名词 +to+to+名词名词表示某器官从某处开始一直延伸到另一

16、个器官。表示某器官从某处开始一直延伸到另一个器官。例：例：The small intestine extends from the The small intestine extends from the stomach to the colon.stomach to the colon.小肠从胃延伸到结肠。小肠从胃延伸到结肠。第十七页，讲稿共五十六页哦l6 6）be+inferior/superior+to+be+inferior/superior+to+名词名词表示某器官在另一个器官的下表示某器官在另一个器官的下/上面。上面。例：例：The rectum is inferior to th

17、e small The rectum is inferior to the small intestine.intestine.直肠位于小肠之下方。直肠位于小肠之下方。The stomach is superior to the transverse The stomach is superior to the transverse colon.colon.胃在横结肠的上面。胃在横结肠的上面。第十八页，讲稿共五十六页哦l7 7）be+anterior/posterior+to+be+anterior/posterior+to+名词名词表示某器官在另一个器官的前表示某器官在另一个器官的前/后面。

18、后面。例：例：The heart is anterior to the The heart is anterior to the esophagus.esophagus.心脏在食管的前面。心脏在食管的前面。The heart is posterior to the sternum.The heart is posterior to the sternum.心心脏在胸骨的后面。脏在胸骨的后面。第十九页，讲稿共五十六页哦l8 8）be+proximal/distal+to+be+proximal/distal+to+名词名词表示某器官离另一器官近表示某器官离另一器官近/远。远。例：例：The sh

19、in is distal to the thigh.The shin is distal to the thigh.胫骨在大胫骨在大腿的远侧。腿的远侧。The ankle is proximal to the foot.The ankle is proximal to the foot.踝在脚的近踝在脚的近侧。侧。第二十页，讲稿共五十六页哦l9 9）be+medial/lateral+to+be+medial/lateral+to+名词名词表示某器官在另一器官的中间表示某器官在另一器官的中间/侧面。侧面。例：例：The heart is medial to the lungs.The hear

20、t is medial to the lungs.心脏在两心脏在两肺的中间。肺的中间。The kidneys are lateral to the vertebral The kidneys are lateral to the vertebral column.column.肾脏位于脊柱的两侧。肾脏位于脊柱的两侧。1010）限制性定语从句也可用来描述某个器官的位）限制性定语从句也可用来描述某个器官的位置。置。例：例：The heart is an organ which lies in front The heart is an organ which lies in front of th

21、e esophagus.of the esophagus.心脏是位于食道前面的一个心脏是位于食道前面的一个器官。器官。第二十一页，讲稿共五十六页哦人体各系统、器官、组织人体各系统、器官、组织和细胞结构的描述和细胞结构的描述 第二十二页，讲稿共五十六页哦l1 1表达人体结构的常用动词句型：表达人体结构的常用动词句型：1 1）consist of,be made up of,be consist of,be made up of,be composed of composed of 这三个动词短语，虽然都表示这三个动词短语，虽然都表示“由由构成构成”的意思，但的意思，但 consist of co

22、nsist of 多用于提到多用于提到所有参与构成的成分时；而所有参与构成的成分时；而 be made up of be made up of 则多用于细分一种结构或该结构的某一部分时；则多用于细分一种结构或该结构的某一部分时；be be composed of composed of 常用于提到构成某一结构的材料常用于提到构成某一结构的材料时，或用于参与构成的部分没有数量限制时。时，或用于参与构成的部分没有数量限制时。第二十三页，讲稿共五十六页哦l例：例：The respiratory tract consists of the The respiratory tract consists

23、of the mouth,nose,pharynx,trachea and lung./mouth,nose,pharynx,trachea and lung./呼呼吸道由口、鼻、咽、气管和肺构成。吸道由口、鼻、咽、气管和肺构成。The intestines are made up of the small The intestines are made up of the small intestine and the large intestineintestine and the large intestine。/肠道由肠道由小肠和大肠组成。小肠和大肠组成。Tissue is compo

24、sed of cellsTissue is composed of cells/组织是由细胞组织是由细胞组成的。组成的。第二十四页，讲稿共五十六页哦l2 2）make up;compose make up;compose 表示哪些部分组成了某表示哪些部分组成了某个结构。个结构。例：例：The forebrain,the midbrain and the The forebrain,the midbrain and the hindbrain make up of the brain./hindbrain make up of the brain./前脑、中前脑、中脑和后脑组成了大脑。脑和后脑组

25、成了大脑。The pons,the cerebellum and the medulla The pons,the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata composed the hindbrain./oblongata composed the hindbrain./脑桥、小脑桥、小脑和延髓组成了后脑。脑和延髓组成了后脑。第二十五页，讲稿共五十六页哦l3 3）be filled with be filled with 和和 containcontain都表示某结构内都表示某结构内含有什么或充满了什么。但，前者与不可数名含有什么或充满了什么。但，前者与不可数

26、名词（物质名词）连用，而后者则与可数名词连词（物质名词）连用，而后者则与可数名词连用。用。例：例：The tissue space is filled with tissue The tissue space is filled with tissue fluidfluid/组织间隙充满了组织液组织间隙充满了组织液The mediastinum contains the heart,The mediastinum contains the heart,esophagus,trachea,etcesophagus,trachea,etc/纵隔包含有心脏、食纵隔包含有心脏、食管、气管。管、气管。第

27、二十六页，讲稿共五十六页哦l4 4）be covered with be covered with 表示某器官或结构为表示某器官或结构为所覆盖。所覆盖。例：例：The body is covered with skin and hairThe body is covered with skin and hair/人体表面覆盖着皮肤和毛发。人体表面覆盖着皮肤和毛发。5 5）be attached to be attached to 表示某器官连接在或附表示某器官连接在或附着在另一器官上。着在另一器官上。例：例：The skin is attached to the subcutaneous Th

28、e skin is attached to the subcutaneous tissue./tissue./皮肤连接在皮下组织上。皮肤连接在皮下组织上。第二十七页，讲稿共五十六页哦l6 6）be lined with be lined with 表示某器官由表示某器官由衬贴。衬贴。例：例：The mediastinum is lined with the The mediastinum is lined with the pericardiumpericardium/纵膈由心包所衬贴。纵膈由心包所衬贴。7 7）be divided into be divided into 表示某结构可分为表

29、示某结构可分为。例：例：The thorax is divided into three The thorax is divided into three compartmentscompartments/胸腔分为三个部分。胸腔分为三个部分。8 8）be surrounded bybe surrounded by表示某器官为另一器官所表示某器官为另一器官所围绕。围绕。例：例：The heart is surrounded by the lungsThe heart is surrounded by the lungs/心脏由两肺遮盖。心脏由两肺遮盖。第二十八页，讲稿共五十六页哦l9 9）be

30、separated from by be separated from by 表示某器官表示某器官与另一器官为第三者所隔开。与另一器官为第三者所隔开。例：例：The thorax separated from the abdomen The thorax separated from the abdomen by the diaphragmby the diaphragm/胸腔与腹腔由膈分开。胸腔与腹腔由膈分开。1010）be supported by be supported by 表示某器官由表示某器官由所支所支持。持。例：例：The lens is supported by the ci

31、liary The lens is supported by the ciliary muscles./muscles./晶状体由睫状肌支持。晶状体由睫状肌支持。第二十九页，讲稿共五十六页哦l2 2表达人体结构常见的定语从句和后置定语短语：表达人体结构常见的定语从句和后置定语短语：关系代词关系代词whichwhich引出的定语从句和分词短语常被引出的定语从句和分词短语常被用来描述人体某器官由用来描述人体某器官由 组成。组成。例：例：This is a membrane which is made This is a membrane which is made up of two layers

32、up of two layers这是由脏层和壁层两个层组这是由脏层和壁层两个层组成的膜。成的膜。The thorax is a large conical cavity The thorax is a large conical cavity consisting of three compartments./consisting of three compartments./胸腔是一胸腔是一个由三部分组成的大锥形腔。个由三部分组成的大锥形腔。第三十页，讲稿共五十六页哦医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式医学中常见计量和单位的表达方式 第三十一页，讲稿共五十六页哦l1 1计量单位的一般表示方式：计量

33、单位的一般表示方式：l/m2-litres per square metre l/m2-litres per square metre 表示表示“升升/平平方米方米”。l/min-litres per minute l/min-litres per minute 表示表示“升升/分分”。mm/Hg-millimetres of mercury mm/Hg-millimetres of mercury 表示表示“毫毫米汞柱米汞柱”。g/100ml-grams per hundred milliliters g/100ml-grams per hundred milliliters 表示表示“克克

34、/100/100毫升毫升”。第三十二页，讲稿共五十六页哦l2 2表达计量差异和变化的词语：表达计量差异和变化的词语：1 1）range betweenand/range fromto/vary range betweenand/range fromto/vary fromtofromto表示某数值在什么范围之间。表示某数值在什么范围之间。例：例：The normal diastolic blood pressure ranges The normal diastolic blood pressure ranges between 65 and 85 mm/Hg./between 65 and

35、85 mm/Hg./正常舒张压在正常舒张压在6565与与8585毫米汞柱之间。毫米汞柱之间。Normal temperature in the rectum ranges from Normal temperature in the rectum ranges from 36.3 to 37.6./36.3 to 37.6./正常直肠温度在正常直肠温度在36.336.3与与37.637.6摄氏度摄氏度之间。之间。The normal lymphocyte count for a male varies from The normal lymphocyte count for a male va

36、ries from 1500/cu.mm to 3000/cu.mm./1500/cu.mm to 3000/cu.mm./男性正常淋巴细胞值在男性正常淋巴细胞值在1500/1500/立方毫米与立方毫米与3000/3000/立方毫米之间。立方毫米之间。第三十三页，讲稿共五十六页哦l2 2）increase increase 表示某数值上升或增加。表示某数值上升或增加。例：例：Systolic b.p.increases more rapidly Systolic b.p.increases more rapidly than diastolic b.p./than diastolic b.p.

37、/收缩压比舒张压上升快。收缩压比舒张压上升快。3 3）decreasedecrease表示某数值的下降或减少。表示某数值的下降或减少。例：例：Between the 10-14 and 20-24 age Between the 10-14 and 20-24 age groups,the average systolic b.p.in females groups,the average systolic b.p.in females decreases from about 119 to about 117 decreases from about 119 to about 117 mm/

38、Hg./mm/Hg./在在10-1410-14岁和岁和20-2420-24岁年龄组之间，岁年龄组之间，女性的平均收缩压从女性的平均收缩压从119119毫米汞柱下降为大约毫米汞柱下降为大约117117毫米汞柱。毫米汞柱。第三十四页，讲稿共五十六页哦l3 3表示量的极度与平均的词语：表示量的极度与平均的词语：1 1）maximummaximum表示最大值或量。表示最大值或量。例：例：The maximum value for fat in the The maximum value for fat in the human body is 26%./human body is 26%./在人体中，

39、脂肪最多占百在人体中，脂肪最多占百分之二十六。分之二十六。2 2）minimum minimum 表示最小值或量。表示最小值或量。例：例：The minimum amount of water in the The minimum amount of water in the human body is 50%./human body is 50%./在人体中，水至少占百在人体中，水至少占百分之五十。分之五十。第三十五页，讲稿共五十六页哦l3 3）averageaverage和和 meanmean例：例：The average lymphocyte count is The average l

40、ymphocyte count is 2100/cu.mm./2100/cu.mm./平均淋巴细胞计数是平均淋巴细胞计数是2100/2100/立方毫米。立方毫米。4 4表示计算，测量的方法：表示计算，测量的方法：be measured in be measured in+量词量词例：例：Blood pressure is measured in Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury./millimetres of mercury./血压是以毫米汞柱计血压是以毫米汞柱计算的。算的。第三十六页，讲稿共五十六页哦l5 5用来表示曲线

41、图的句型：用来表示曲线图的句型：1 1）The graph shows“The graph shows“此曲线图表示此曲线图表示”。例：例：The graph shows the effect of age on blood The graph shows the effect of age on blood pressure./pressure./此曲线图表示年龄对血压的影响。此曲线图表示年龄对血压的影响。2 2）The vertical axis represents“The vertical axis represents“垂直轴代表垂直轴代表”。例：例：The vertical axi

42、s represents arterial The vertical axis represents arterial pressure./pressure./垂直轴代表动脉压。垂直轴代表动脉压。第三十七页，讲稿共五十六页哦l3 3）The horizontal axis represents“The horizontal axis represents“水平轴水平轴代表代表”。例：。例：The horizontal axis represents The horizontal axis represents age in years./age in years./水平轴代表年龄。水平轴代表年

43、龄。4 4）The continuous line represents“The continuous line represents“实线代表实线代表”。例：。例：The continuous line represents blood The continuous line represents blood pressure for females./pressure for females./实线代表女性血压。实线代表女性血压。5 5）The dotted line represents“The dotted line represents“虚线代表虚线代表”。例：。例：The dott

44、ed line represents b.p.for The dotted line represents b.p.for males./males./虚线代表男性血压。虚线代表男性血压。第三十八页，讲稿共五十六页哦Chapter1lMedicalcorrespondencel1.1introductionlLettersfordiagnosticconsultationlLettersforreferringpatientslLettersforapplyingforamedicalpost,curriculumvitaelLettersforsubmittingapaperforpubli

45、cation第三十九页，讲稿共五十六页哦l1.2formatlTheheading:fulladdressofthesenderandthedateoftheletterlTheinsideaddress:nameandfulladdressoftheaddresseelThesalutationlThebodylThecomplimentarycloselThesignaturelTheenclosurelThefull-blocktype:moreformallTheindented-blocktype:lessformal第四十页，讲稿共五十六页哦l1.3sampleletterslEn

46、closedpleasecouldyoufindacopyofmyresume.随信附上我的简历表。lAwarenesstrainingl1.4lettersfordiagnosticconsultationl1.4.1languagefeatureslPresenttense,presentprefecttenseorpasttensel1.4.2speciallanguagestrutureslDisagreeonlDoubtthatlAppreciateitifyoulBegratefulifyou第四十一页，讲稿共五十六页哦l1.4.3Asampleletterofdiagnostic

47、consultationlCorpuspancreatislEasyformattingl1.5lettersforreferringpatientslArecommendation(toaspecialist)lAreplyingletterl1.5.1languagefeatureslPresenttense,presentperfecttense,pasttenselc/o:complainofl1.5.2speciallanguagestructureslDescribingthecomplainofapatientlExpressingrequestforfurtherdiagnos

48、isandtreatment第四十二页，讲稿共五十六页哦lDescribingexaminationsandresultsofexaminationslIVP:intravenouspyelographylPresentingsuggestionsfortreatmentl1.5.3samplelettersforreferringapatientlOnbendinglAfivedayreligiousl1.7lettersforapplyingforamedicalpostlIntroductionlQualificationslAcademicrecord,certainEnglishla

49、nguageexaminationslProfessionalexperiencelPublicationslRequestforaninterviewlenclosures第四十三页，讲稿共五十六页哦l1.8curriculumvitael1.8.1formatlpersonaldatalWorkexperiencelEducationlSpecialskillslScientificresearchachievementslHonorsandreferenceslTheworkobjective,personalinterests,commandoflanguageslChronologi

50、calcurriculumvitaelFunctionalcurriculumvitae第四十四页，讲稿共五十六页哦投稿信投稿信(cover letter)(cover letter)的写作的写作150-5318-8596 150-5318-8596 第四十五页，讲稿共五十六页哦1.Howtowriteacoverletterlkeepitsimpleandprofessionalanddontworryaboutredundancy.lYourcoverlettershouldbepreparedinastandardbusinessformat(blockormodifiedblock).