高考英语二轮复习与策略第部分专题3阅读理解模式细节理解题212.pdf

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1、第 1 页 专题三 阅读理解 近3年阅读理解考情分析 年份 体裁 题材 命题角度 细节理解题 主旨大意题 推理判断题 词义猜想题 2021 A.应用文B 说明文C 说明文D 记叙文 广告宣传科普说明科普说明人物故事 8 3 3 1 2021 B 说明文C 议论文D 议论文 广告宣传科普说明说理议论说理议论 5 2 6 2 2021 B 议论文C 说明文D 应用文 广告宣传说理议论科普说明人物故7 1 4 3 第 2 页 事 考向预测 2021 年将继续从细节理解、主旨大意、推理判断、词义猜想四个方面考察考生的阅读理解能力，考点设置会及2021 年根本一样。而从题材来看，广告应用类及说理议论类仍

2、是考察重点。模式 1|细节理解题 事实认定 数学计算 顺序排列 图表鉴别 通过阅读，认定文中出现的who，what，when，where，which，how 等具体事实信息。对文中所涉及的年代、年龄、数量、钱款等进展规整、计算、换算，得出试题所要求的答案。对文中所列举的事实、事项、事件等按照时间、空间或逻辑顺序的关系进展恰当排序。用图表代替具体事实，使文中的某些信息更直观、更形象地得以展现。解 题 技 巧(1)略读、跳读，锁定及问题相关的信息范围，定位相关的词语或句子。(2)读选项，理解各选项的意义，比拟各选项的意义差异。(3)通过直接信息认定、同义替换对应，筛选出正确答案。(4)重点关注给出

3、的例证、类比、顺序等重要信息点。典例 1(2021江苏高考B)Chimps(黑猩猩)will cooperate in certain ways，like gathering in war parties to 第 3 页 protect their territory.But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings，they have little instinct(本能)to help one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mothers

4、 regularly decline to share food with their children，who are able from a young age to gather their own food.In the laboratory，chimps dont naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or，with no greater effort，a plate that also provides fo

5、od for a neighbor in the next cage，he will pull at randomhe just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.Human children，on the other hand，are naturally cooperative.From the earliest ages，they desire to help others，to share information and to participate in achieving

6、 common goals.The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children.He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door，almost all will immediately try to help.There are several reasons

7、to believe that the urges to help，inform and share are not taught，but naturally 第 4 页 possessed in young children.One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially.Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved

8、if the children are rewarded.A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills，at least when compared with chimps.In tests conducted by Tomasello，the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably

9、 better at understanding the social world.The core of what childrens minds have and chimps dont is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality.Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking.But beyond that，even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose.They

10、 actively seek to be part of a“we，a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.58.What can we learn from the experiment with chimps AChimps seldom care about others interests.BChimps tend to provide food for their children.CChimps like to take in their neighbors food.DChimps naturally share foo

11、d with each other.59Michael Tomasellos tests on young children indicate 第 5 页 that they _ Ahave the instinct to help others Bknow how to offer help to adults Cknow the world better than chimps Dtrust adults with their hands full,本文是一篇说明文。介绍了黑猩猩及人类的区别人类从小具有合作、分享、参及意识，而黑猩猩除了在某些方面偶尔有合作外，在其他方面都是各顾各的，非常自

12、私。58A，黑猩猩很自私，这与 A 项说的“黑猩猩很少关心其他黑猩猩的利益一致。根据第一段中的 Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children.可知，甚至黑猩猩妈妈常拒绝及它们的孩子分享食物，故排除 B 项；由第二段中的 he will pull at random 可知，黑猩猩会随意吃别的黑猩猩盘子里的食物，这与 C 项的“黑猩猩喜欢吃它们的邻居的食物相悖；根 据 第 一 段 中 的 .they have little instinct to help one another.seek food f

13、or themselves.Even.decline to share.可知，它们不愿意分享食物，排除 D 项。59A 细节理解题。由第三段的 From the earliest ages，they desire to help others.可知，孩子很小的时候就知道帮助他人，这与 A 项意思一致。B 项说的 how 在文章中没有提到，文章只是讲孩子会帮助别人；第四段最后一句提到 but were considerably better at understanding the social world，而 C 选项说 world，第 6 页 少了 social，故犯了范围过大的错误；D 项

14、错在 trust，文章没有提到。典例 2(2021 江苏高考C)Suppose you become a leader in an organization.Its very likely that youll want to have volunteers to help with the organizations activities.To do so，it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.Lets begin w

15、ith the question of why people volunteer.Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved.For example，people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness，to expand their range of experiences，and to strengthen social relationships.If volunteer position

16、s do not meet these needs，people may not wish to participate.To select volunteers，you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.People also volunteer because they are required to do so.To increase levels of community service，some schools have lau，these programs can shi

17、ft peoples wish of participation from an internal factor(e.g.，“I volunteer because its important to me)to an external factor(e.g.，“I volunteer because Im required to do so)When that 第 7 页 happens，people become less likely to volunteer in the future.People must be sensitive to this possibility when t

18、hey make volunteer activities a must.Once people begin to volunteer，what leads them to remain in their positions over time To answer this question，researchers have conducted followup studies in which they track volunteers over time.For instance，one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a yea

19、r.One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.Although this result may not surprise you，it leads to important practical advice.The researchers note that attention should be given to“train

20、ing methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view“volunteer as an important s

21、ocial role.It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work.Participants indicated the degree 第 8 页 to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as“Volunteering in Hospi

22、tal is an important part of who I am.Consistent with the researchers expectations，they found a positive correlation(正相关)between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer.These results，once again，lead to concrete advice：“Once an individual begins volunteering，

23、continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity.Items like Tshirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity.62What can we learn from the Florida study AFollowup studies should last for one year.BVolunteers should

24、get mentally prepared.CStrategy training is a must in research.DVolunteers are provided with concrete advice.63 What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work AIndividual differences in role identity.BPublicly identifiable volunteer Tshirts.CRole identity as a volunteer.DPractical

25、 advice from researchers.第 9 页 62.B 细节理解题。根据第四段中的 The researchers note that attention should be given to“training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience可知，研究者指出，应该注意让志愿者对棘手的情形有所准备，给他们提供给对困难的策略。B 项说志愿者应该在精神上做好准备，符合文意。A 项“随访研究应该持续一年，及文中说的这项研究持续了一年多(over a year)不符，可排除；C 项“策略训练在研究中是必须要做的事情犯了偷换概念的错误；文章并没有提及“志愿者被提供了具体的建议，故 D 项错误。63 C，志愿者的角色认同感才是他们继续从事志愿活动的关键。A 项“在角色认同感方面的个人差异是该项研究关注的方面，犯了因果倒置的错误；及 B 项相关的内容在最后一句，但这只是有助于增强角色认同感的一个例子；D 项文章中没有提及，虽然文章提到了advice，但这只是该项研究结果的一个建议。