七年级下册_英语动词及其时态讲解.pdf

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1、 教学内容：初一动词极其时态系统讲解，例题解析和相关习题 教学重点难点极其突破方法：助动词、情态动词、联系动词和行为动词的用法；一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时的构成；此外，大量的时态练习题必不可少。课时安排：一周一次知识梳理，提纲挈领，一直持续到期末考试前。动 词 动词是表示动作（study,find,swim 等）或状态（be,like,feel 等）的词。动词具有人称、数量、时态、语态和语态变化。动词分类：动词有助动词、情态动词、联系动词和行为动词四类。一）助动词 助动词没有任何含义，不能单独做谓语，只能和行为动词一起构成谓语，帮助行为动词组成各种时态、语态、语气以及疑问或

2、否定形式。常见的助动词有 be,do,does,did,have,will,shall 等。具体用法如下：1、助动词 be 的用法如下：1）构成各种进行时态。如：It was raining all day yesterday.昨天整天下雨。2）构成被动语态。如：The meeting was held yesterday afternoon.会议是昨天下午举行的。3）与不定式连用表示按照计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作。如：They are to see an English film this evening.他们今天晚上看英语电影。2、助动词 do 的用法如下：1）构成疑问式或否定式。如

3、：Does he think so?I didnt say anything about the result.2)在动词前加上 do,does,did 表示强调，意为“的确，确实”。如：They do study hard.She does love him.He did want to help the old man.3、have:助动词 have 的过去式是 had。have 和 had 均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态。如：He has lived here for three years.As soon as the sun had set they returned.4、sha

4、ll,should:助动词 shall 只用于第一人称的将来时态；助动词 should 是 shall 的过去式，构成过去将来时。如：I shall send ten letters to my good friend.She wanted to know if I should go to the palace.二）情态动词 情态动词本身有一定含义，但不能单独作谓语，要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的否定、疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有：can,may,must,need,should 等。表示能力 表示能力一般用 can,could。如：Rose can speak now

5、,but she couldnt a week ago.be able to 也表示能力，它和 can 的区别如下：1）表示做事的能力，两者可通用。但 can 只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时。be able to 可用于任何时态。如：She could/was able to eat four pieces of bread when she was young.They will be able to finish the drawing soon.2)表示过去经过努力而成功的某一次动作，只能用 was/were able to,但在否定句中可互换。如：She was weak,but wa

6、s able to finish the task last night.can(could)在疑问句中与第二人称连用时，表示征求对方意见或提出请求，表示委婉语气。虽然 could 是 can的过去式，但是 could 只是表示比 can 语气更加委婉客气，没有时间上的差别。如：-Could you lend me your pen?-Yes,I can.表示许可 表示许可一般用 may/might,can/could,而且常可互换。Might,could 语气比较委婉。要特别注意：回答以might,could 开头的疑问句只能用 may,can 给予直截了当的回答。-Might/Could

7、I borrow your book?-Yes,you may/can.表示必需、必要 must 和 have to 都有“必须”，一般情况下可互换。如：You must/have to finish the work.但他们有如下区别：1）must 表示说话人的主观看法；have to 表示客观需要。如：I must have a talk with him.He has to give up smoking because of badly cough.2)否定式 mustnt 表示禁止，意为“不准，不可以做”；dont have to 意为“不必”。如：You mustnt hit he

8、r.You dont have to explain it to me if you dislike the job.注：表示推测的情态动词有表示“一定”的 must,表示“很有可能”的 should,ought to 和表示“可能”的 can,could,may,might。具体用法如下：must 表示较有把握的推测，只用于肯定句，不能用语否定句或疑问句。用法如下：1）对目前动作的推测，用 must+动词原形。如：You must lose in the mountain.2)对目前状态的推测，用 must+be+表语。如：You speak for 4 hours,you must be

9、thirsty.在肯定句中，表示对现在或将来把握不大的推测用 may(might)+动词原形，might 比 may 的可能性更小 对过去把握不大的推测用 may(might)have+过去分词。如：The package might come tomorrow.They may have killed the enemies.3、在疑问句中，对现在表示推测用 can(could)+动词原形，对过去表示怀疑则用 can(could)have+过去分词；在否定句中，对现在表示推测用 cant+动词原形，对过去表示推测用 cant(couldnt)have+过去分词。如：It cant be Jo

10、hn.He has gone to UK.4、need 的双重身份 need 既可作情态动词又可作实意动词，它们的用法不同，如不注意区分，就容易用错。三）系动词 连词动词的种类 联系动词含有一定意义，它们要与其后做表语的形容词、名词或介词（短语）一起构成合成谓语。系动词按意义可分为三类，而且有自己的特定用法。1 按意义联系动词有：be,appear,seem,keep,remain,continue,stay,prove 等，如：Jim appears very old.表示感觉的联系动词有：look,feel,smell,sound,taste 等。如：It smells bad.3 表示转

11、变的联系动词有：become,fall,get,go,grow,turn 等。如：She becomes more beautiful than three years ago.四）行为动词 行为动词又称实义动词，它们都含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，可在句中独立作谓语。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。、及物动词 及物动词后一定要跟宾语，意思才能完整。如：My mother told me she wanted to buy some books for me.2、不及物动词 不及物动词意义完整，不需带宾语，但如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时，必须先加介词后加宾语。如：He only wor

12、ried about his daughter.二、动词的时态 动词的时态有很多。初中阶段主要掌握八种：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。1一般现在时 1）一般现在时态的构成：主语是 I,we,you,they 和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是 he,she,it 和名词单数时，作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：一般情况 s 以 s,x,ch,sh 或 o 结尾 es 以辅音y 结尾 去 y 变 ies 2）一般现在时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以 be 和 like 为例）：主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式

13、第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I am a student.We/You/They are students.He/She is a student.I/We/You/They/like music.Many people like music.I am not a student.We/You/They are not students.He/She is not a student.I/We/You/They/dont like music.Many people dont like music.Are you a student.Are you/they students?Is

14、 he/she a student?Do you/they like music?Do many people like music?3）一般现在时态的用法：现阶段经常性，习惯性的动作。例如：I get up at six every morning.He plays tennis once a week.现在的状态 例如：My mother is a teacher.She teaches English in a school.客观真理 例如：The earth goes around the sun.4）常用于一般现在时态的时间状语：often usually sometimes alw

15、ays every day never in the morning 等。1.-May I help you,sir?-Yes,I bought the TV the day before yesterday,but it _.A.didnt work B.doesnt work C.wont work D.cant work 解析：电视虽然是前天买的，但坏了是现在的状态，应该用一般现在时态。选 B.2_ the bus until it _.A.Get off,stops B.Get off,will stop C.Dont get off,stops D.Dont get off,will

16、 stop 解析：这是一个以 until 引导的时间状语从句，主句是祈使句，因此从句要用一般现在时表示将要发生的动作。根据句意此题应用 not until（直到才）句型。应选 C。3The 70-year-old man _ exercises in the morning.A.takes B.are taking C.took D.will take 解析：“这个 70 岁的老人早晨锻炼。”这里锻炼是一个经常性、习惯性的动作。因此，应选 A.2.现在进行时 1）现在进行时的构成：Am/is/are+v-ing 是现在进行时的构成形式 v-ing 现在分词的构成：一般情况+ing 以不发音字母

17、 e 结尾的单词。去 e,加 ing+ing 以辅音字母y 结尾的单词 去 e+ing 以重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母时.双写词尾字母+ing 2)现在进行时的肯定肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式 第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I am driving.He/She/It is working.We/You/They are doing something.I am not driving.He/She/It is not working.We/You/They are not doing anything.Are you driv

18、ing?Is he/she/it working?Are you/they doing something?3）现在进行时的用法：1.说话时正在进行或发生的动作（动作是在说话时正在进行）。例如：She is having a bath now.2.现阶段正在进行或发生的动作（但是动作并不是必须在说话时正在进行）。例如：You are working hard today.Kate wants to work in Italy,so she is learning Italian.The population of the world is growing very fast.频度副词 alwa

19、ys,forever 等词连用时，表示某种强烈的感情。如：He is always trying out new ideas.(表示 欣赏，表扬)3.表示按计划即将发生的动作（仅限于 go,come,arrive,leave,start,fly,begin,stay 等动词）。如：The party is beginning at 8:00 oclock.4.常用于现在进行时态的时间状语：now 等。1I dont think that its true.Shes always _ lies.A.tell B.tells C.telling D.told 解析：always 在这里应现在进行时

20、连用，带有感情色彩，表示讨厌。选 C.2.How _ you _ with the new job?A.do,do B.do,get along C.are,doing D.are,getting on 解析：表示现阶段正在发生的动作，用现在进行时。选 D.3-Are these socks yours?-No.Mine _ outside on the clothes line.A.are hanging B.have hung C.hang D.hung 解析：hang 意为悬挂，hung 意为上吊、绞死，先排除答案 B、D。根据前后句意可判断出现在的状态，应用现在进行时。应选 A.3一般

21、将来时 1）一般将来时的构成：1.助动词 will(shall)+动词原形 2.am/is/are +going to+动词原形 2）一般将来时的用法：1将要发生的动作。例如：I will leave for Beijing tomorrow.2将要存在的状态。例如：This time next year I will be in Japan.Where will you be?3打算要做的事。例如：Are you going to watch the film on television tonight?3)常用于一般将来时的时间状语：tomorrow next week in 2008 等

22、。1.I_ for Hong Kong on Saturday.Will you go to see me off at the airport？A.am leaving B.am left C.am going to leaving D.left 解析：趋向动词 leave 可用现在进行时表将来。选 A。2.I_ to see grandma and help her with some housework every week.A.came B.am going come C.come D.will come 解析：此题虽然有 every week,但句意中表达的事将要去做的经常性动作。应

23、该用一般将来时。因此选 D。3.We Chinese _ the Olympic Games in 2008.A.held B.shall holding C.are holding D.are going to hold 解析：本题的时间状语是将来的时间，所以选用一般将来时，A、D 都删去。shall 后面应跟动词原型，故应选 D.4一般过去时 1）一般过去时的构成：用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：一般情况+ed 以 e 字母结尾的辅音+d 以辅音字母y 结尾 去 y 变 ied 重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写词尾字母+ed 2）一般过去时态的肯定句、否定句

24、和疑问句形式（以 be 和 like 为例）：主 语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式 第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I was a student.We/You/They were students.He/She was a student.I/We/You/They/liked I was not a student.We/You/They were not students.He/She was not a student.I/We/You/They/Were you a student.Were you/they students?Was he/she a student?

25、Did you/they like music.Many people liked music.didnt like music.Many people didnt like music.music?Did many people like music?3）一般过去时的用法：1 过去发生的动作。例如：The police stopped me on my way home last night.2 过去存在的状态。例如：They werent able to come because they were so busy.3.常用于一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday，three month

26、s ago，last year，in 1979，often，always 等。1 Mott is out.But he _ here a few minutes ago.A.was B.is C.will be D.would be 解析：时分钟前发生的动作，应该用一般过去时。应选 A，2-Hi,Tom.-Hello,Fancy.I _ you were here.A.dont know B.wont think C.think D.didnt know 解析：虽然句中没有明确的时间状语，但是可以通过上下文语境判断出，这句话指的是我这段时间并不知道，你前一阵子在这儿。所以应选 A。3He pr

27、omised to tell me by himself when I _.A.come B.would come C.come D.had come 解析：在时间状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来。应选 C。动词时态习题 1.We _out by that time that he_ a thief for a longtime.A.had found,had been B.had found,was C.found,had been D.found,was 2.It so happened that they_ the novel before.A.had read B.would re

28、ad C.were reading D.read 3.She_ for nearly two hours.A.kept talking B.kept to talk C.has kept talking D.kept to talking 4.Spring_ after winter.A.comes B.came C.has come D.had come 5.I hear some noise in the next room.Oh,yes.Your sister_ there.A.cries B.is crying C.cried D.was crying 6.All the studen

29、ts_ to plant trees and theres nobody in the classroom.A.go B.will go C.have gone D.wound go 7.Stop!A little boy_ the street.A.is crossing B.crosses C.crossed D.has crossed 8.The girl_ to milk since last winter.A.learns B.learned C.has learned D.would learn 9.What_ to you this morning?A.happens B.is

30、happened C.happened D.was happened 10.The old man looks healthy.Yes.He_ some running after he gets up.A.does B.did C.has done D.will do 11.She didnt pass the exams because she_ her lessons well.A.wasnt prepared B.wasnt been prepared C.hadnt prepared D.was preparing 12.This story_ in a faraway villag

31、e in Europe many years ago.A.is happened B.was happened C.happened D.has been happened 13.Mr King came back to our village.Really?For what?The old man_ the noise in the city.A.is hating B.hates C.was hating D.has hated 14.His father _ for a week.A.died B.will die C.has been died D.has been dead 15.M

32、y mother is ill.I _stay at home and look after her.A.has to B.must C.would D.have to 16.-Do you know the Frenchman?-Yes.I _him for two years.A.know B.have known C.knew D.have been known 17.They_ all their money,so they have to walk home.A.spend B.had spent C.have spent D.will spend 18.Great changes_

33、 in the city,and a lot of factories_.A.have been taken place,have been set up B.have taken place,have been set up C.have taken place,have set up D.were taken place,were set up 19.-When did Kates grandma die?-While the doctors_ on her.A.are operating B.were operating C.operate D.operated 20.-Who are

34、you looking for?-Mr White.-Wait here for a while.The class meeting_ over in half an hour.A.is B.will be C.was D.has been 21.If shes not at home,you _ try telephoning her at the office.A.will B.could C.would D.need 22.All the new words _ up in the dictionary yet.A.have looked B.havent looked C.have b

35、een looked D.havent been looked 23.I dont want to speak to her,but I _.A.do B.have to C.have to speak D.must to 24.Hurry up,or you _ the train.A.miss B.lose C.will miss D.will lose 25.The new library _ next week.A.will build B.will be built C.would build D.would be built 26.-Wheres Mabel？-She _ ping

36、 pong behind the teaching building.A.is playing B.was playing C.played D.had played 27.Quite a few tall buildings _ the last two years.A.have been put up B.were put up C.had put up D.put up 28.Man-made-satellites_ into space by many countries.A.was sent up B.is sent up C.have been sent up D.has been

37、 sent up 29.I _ all the words on the black board.May I go home now?B.copy B.will coup C.copied D.have copied 30.Nobody knew _ a living in that country.A.to do B.to make C.how to do D.how to make 31.The old man needs at most five hours sleep a night,but he_ for over seven hours tonight.A.has fallen a

38、sleep B has slept C has gone to bed D.has gone to sleep 32.Im really getting too fat.From now on,I_ more exercise and eat less food.A have done B do C am doing D will do 33.You dont need_ her.I_ her for several times.A describe,had met B describe,meet C to describe,have met D describe,met 34.His spe

39、ech in English was difficult_.A in following B for being followed C to follow D to be followed by 35.When he was a child,he tried to find ways_ people_ life more.A.to help,enjoy B.help,to enjoy C.help,enjoying D.to be helped,to enjoy 36.What did your class teacher _you to _at the meeting?A.tell,say

40、B.ask,speak C.tell,speak D.ask,talk 37._the bus until it _.A.Get off,stops B.get off,will stop C.Dont get off,stops D.Dont get off,will stop 38 The living standard of the people in Shanghai_ in the last ten years.A.has raised B.has risen C.has been raised D.has been risen 39 What did Mr Jones do before he moved here?-He_ a city bus for over twenty-five years.A.has driven B.drove C.drives D.is driving 40.Hurry up!The play _ for ten minutes.A.had begun B.began C.has been on D.has begun 参 考 答 案 1-5 CAAAB 6-10 CACCC 11-15 CCBCD 16-20 BCBBB 21-25 ADBCB 26-30 AACDD 31-35 BDCCA 36-40 ACBBC