牛津英语译林版毕业班中考英语复习资料.pdf
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1、 初中英语知识点复习系列 一系动词和助动词 1系动词 连接主语和表语。它不表示动作,与表语一起描述主语的性质、特征、状态、身份等。它也不能单独作谓语,但它有自己的汉语意思,和其后面的形容词等一起构成句子的谓语。英语系动词分为两类。例如:1)表示情况的。如:be,look,keep,等。He is a student.(表示身份)The coat is nice and cheap.(表示性质)The cat looks like a hat.(表示特征)2)表示变化的。如 get,grow,become,turn 等。Winter is coming,the weather gets cold
2、er and colder.The rice grows fine.Our country becomes stronger and stronger.Spring comes,the tree turn green again.常见的连系动词有:be+adj./n.是,在 become+n./adj.变成 turn+adj.变得 get+adj.变得 grow+adj.长得 keep+adj.保持着 feel+adj.感到 look+adj.看上去 seem+adj./n.看起来好象 smell+adj.闻起来 fall asleep 入睡 2助动词 本身无词义,不能单独作句子的谓语动词。在
3、句中,它主要帮助句子中的谓语动词构成各种时态、语气、否定 和疑问结构等。如果句子是否定结构,not 必须放在助动词后面。英语助动词有 shall,will,should,would,be,have,do 等。例如:The students are playing football now.(构成现在进行时)He does not like playing football.(构成否定句 )Do you like playing football?(构成一般疑问句)Do come here tomorrow!(构成强调句)典型错句解析 1.You must look after yourself
4、 and keep health.解析 health healthy.keep 作系动词用时,后接形容词。2.He will become a pianist.解析 will become became become 作系动词用时,一般不用于“将来成为”的意思。此句又可改为 He has become a pianist.3.You will twenty-five years old next month.解析 will will be。助动词 will 本身没有词义,可用在各种人称的将来时态中。Will 在将来时态中后接动 词原形。will+be 才能构成完整的谓语。4.He works
5、even harder than you work.解析 work do。助动词 do 代替主要动词,以避免重复。二代词 代词是用来代替名词或名词词组的词,因此代词在句子中的功能和名词一样,可作主语、宾语和表语,有些代词还可修饰名词。英语代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词、不定代词、相互代词等九种。现把学过的六种代词介绍如下:单 数 复 数 代 词 第一人称 第二人 第三人称 第一人称 第二人 第三人称 称 称 人称代词 主格 I you he,she,it we you they 宾格 me you him,her,it us you them 物
6、主代词 形容词 my your his,her,its our your their 性 1 名词性 反 身 代 词 指 示 代 词 可数 不可数 可数、不定代词 不可数 复合不 定代词 疑 问 代 词 1人称代词 mine yours his,hers,its ours yours theirs myself yourself himself,herself,ourselves yourselves themselves itself this,that these,those each,one,many,(a)few,both,another,either,neither much,(a)
7、little all,some,none,such,any,other anybody(one,thing),somebody(one,thing),nobody(thing),everybody(one,thing)who,whom,whose,which,what 表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”“它”“我们”、“你们”、“他们”等的词,叫做人称代词。人称代词的排列有以下几种;我、你、他 第二人称第三人称第一人称 即:you,he and I 她和老师 名词人称代词 即:the teacher and she 我、他和一些别的人 人称代词其他代词 即:he,I and some othe
8、rs 第三人称两性(性别)并用时,如:他和她;即:he and she 人称代词的主格作主语,宾格作及物动词宾语或介词宾语。作表语时,书面语用主格,口语中则用宾格。例如:You must speak English as often as possible He told me the bad news He didnt listen to me Whos going to go?(以上代词在句中分别作什么成份?)2物主代词 物主代词表示所有关系,分为形容词性和名词性两种,形容词性物主代词作定语,名词性物主代词作主语、宾语和表语。形容词性物主代词后要跟名词。名词性物主代词可以单独使用,其作用相
9、当于一个形容词加上一个名词。物主代词有人称和数的区别。例:This is my dictionary Yours(=Your dictionary)is on the desk 一 Is this your classroom?No Its theirs(=their classroom)3反身代词 表示动词所表达的动作反回到施动者本身,一般是由第一、二人称的形容词性物主代词或第三人称代词的宾格加上 self(复数 selves)构成,起强调作用,反身代词可作动词宾语、介词宾语、同位语等。例如:Please help yourself to some fish (作动词宾语)He thinks
10、 more of himself than“others (作介词宾语 )I myself did it(作同位语)I spoke to the manager himself(作同位语)enjoy,hurt,help 等词后。指示代词是将所指事物与同类中的其他事物区分开来的一种代词。表示:“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念。指示代词在句中相当于名词、形容词的作用,可作主语、宾语、定语、表语等。例如:This(That)is what I want to say (作主语)We should always keep this(these)in mind(作宾语)For these
11、(those)reasons,I was late(作定语)The reason is this(作表语)5不定代词 不定代词用来代替或修饰任何不定数量和不定 X 围的人和事物。不定代词可代替名词或形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。下面举例说明:2 注:反身代词常接在动词4指示代词 some 和 any some(一些)、any(一些、任何)修饰可数名词和不可数名词。some 用在肯定句中,any 多用于疑问句和否定句 中。例如:There are some books in the desk There are not any books in the desk Have you an
12、y money?注意:some 可用于表示邀请、请求的疑问句或用于说话者希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中,any 有时也用于肯定 句,表示“任何的”“任何一个”“任何一些”等。例如:Would you like some tea?(希望对方肯定回答)Yes,thank you.Could I ask you some questions?(希望对方肯定回答)Of course,you can.You can ask me any questions.(任何问题)little、a little、few、a few little、a little 修饰不可数名词,few、a few 修旆可数名词;a l
13、ittle、a few 表示肯定的概念,即:尽管少但 “有”;few、little 表示否定的概念,表示“没有”。例如:There is a little water in the river.You can walk across it.There is little water in the river.You have to swim across it.He has few friends,so he often feels lonely.I have a few friends in America I often write to them.each、every、everybody
14、、everyone、everything。each 相当于名词和形容词,用作定语或单独使用作主语、宾语、定语、同位语等。every 不可单独使用,它必 须放在名词等前,只能作定语。each 与 every 的区别:1)each 侧重于单个,every 侧重于全体、整体。2)each 用于二者或二者以上,every 用于三者或三者以上。everybody 与 everyone 相同,意思是“每人、人人”。everything 意思是“一切”“每件事”。例如:Two boys came into the classroom Each wore a red coat.Every student ha
15、s a new book Everybody knows this thing (don tthey?)Everything goes well(doesn t it?)(把上面两个句子改为反意疑问句,注意用什么代词代替 everybody,everything)both、either、neither both、either、neither 都与“两个”有关。both “(两者)都-”全”,指两个人或事物,可作主语、宾语、定语。例如:Both books are good There are a lot of trees on both sides of the road.either(两个中
16、间的 )任何一个,这个或那个”,可作主、宾、定语。例如:There are two books.You may take either of them Would you like a cup of tea or coffee?Either is OK.neither“(两者之间)一个也不-”,neither 是 either 的否定形式,可作主语、宾语、定语。例如:Neither of them knows Japanese Either Li or Wang knows English none、no、nobody、no one、nothing none、no、nobody、no one、
17、nothing 都与“无”有关。none 用于指人或物,可与 of 短语连用,用作单数或复数,而且常用于习语中。nothing“没有东西;没有什么(=not anything)”,若作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:Is there nothing in the box?No.Its empty 3 一 How many elephants did you see there?None What did you see in the zoo yesterday?Nothing.注意:以上两句中的答句 None,Nothing 不可相互替代。no 表示“没有 (任何的)-”,等于 not any
18、-或 not a(an)-。例如:He has no money(=He has not any money.)We have no lessons on Sundays.(=We have not any lessons on Sundays.)She has no brother.(=She has not a brother.)nobody 或 no one 后不可接 of 短语来表示“某些人当中”;a11 a11 作形容词且与名词连用时,名词前需加 the 或 ones,即:all the(one 名 s)词+。例如:I will teach English all my life A
19、ll the people are here 当 all 代替可数名词作句子主语时,谓语动词用复数;当 all 代替不可数名词作句子主语时,谓语动词用单数。例:All are here L et s begin our meeting.(all代替所有参加会议的人)All is well that ends well.(all 代替所有事情)other、the other、others、the others、another the other 指两者中的另外一个。例:He has two pens,one is blue,the other is yellow other+复数名词 =othe
20、rs 相同,泛指其他的人或物。例:Some students are carrying water,others(other students)are watering the trees the other+复数名词=the others,特指一定X 围内的其他人或物。例:There are fifty students in Miss Gao s class,twenty students are boys,the others are girls the other+数词,指剩余的数目。例:He bought three pencils,one is for me,the other t
21、wo are for him another+单数名词或 another+数词+复数名词。表示在原来基础上再来一个或一些。例:I dont like the color of this bag.May I have a look at another one May I have another three books?6疑问代词 疑问代词有 who,whom,whose,which,what 等。who 和 what who 问 XX,what 问职业。例:Who is he?He is Smith Whats your father?He is a worker what 和 which
22、which 表示在一定数目(或 X 围)之内的选择,某某 X 围内的“哪一个”“哪一些”;what 则没有这种限制。例:What do you usually have for lunch?你通常午餐吃什么?Which do you prefer,apple or pear?苹果和梨,你喜欢哪一个?Which of you comes from Beijing?你们当中哪一个来自?whom 和 whose whom 作宾语,whose 作定语。例:With whom is she talking now?Whose book is on the desk?典型错句分析 1.Is there a
23、ny one in the classroom?None.解析 None No one。none 是对 all,即三个以上的否暄,后面常接带 of 的短语。而 no one 代表单数名词,意为 “没有一个人”,不能与 of 连用。2.The bird builds its nest in the tree.4 解析 it s its。it s 是 it is 或 it has 的省略形式,而 its 则是物主代词“它的”,意义不同,不能混淆。3.I like none of the two novels.none neither。对两者 both 否定应为 neither。4.Do you t
24、hink the TV sets made in Shanghai are better than ones made in Beijing are?解析 ones those。one,ones 和 that,those 皆可代替前面的名词,避免重复但 one,ones 要求有代词或形容词之类 的前置定语;that,those 则要求有介词短语、分词短语或从句一类的后置定语。例:What kind of ice-cream would you like?A big pink one.The days in summer are longer than those in winter.典型错句解
25、析 1.Is there any one in the classroom?None.解析 None No one。None 是对 all,即三个以上的否定,后面通常接带 of 的短语。而 no one 代表单数名词,意 为“没有一个人”,不能与 of 连用。2.The bird builds its nest in the tree.解析 it s its 是 it is 或 it has 的省略形式,而 its 则是物主代词“它的”,意义不同,不能混淆。3.I like none of the two novels.解析 none neither.对两者 both 否定应为 neither
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