英语长难句精解70句.pdf

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1、难句在考研阅读、完型填空和翻译中的出现频率很高,无论句子有多长、结构有多复杂,它都由一些基本的成分组成的。从结构来说,英语句子中,除了谓语之外,其它的成分均可以由从句或者非谓语动词来充当。从句子本身是一个完整的句子,因此,从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、套嵌,也可能并列,平行。从功能来说,英语有三大复合句,即:名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;形容词性从句,即我们平常所说的定语从句;状语从句。非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态(过去分词除外),也可以跟自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等成分,构成一个非谓语动词结构。由于非谓语动词和从句的这些特点,使英语句子从理论上讲可以无限延长。

2、英语长句的分析方法:去枝叶,留主干。1)划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句;2)划出所有介词短语(位于 be 动词后的除外);3)名词性从句看作一个整体,找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词;4)非谓语动词结构看作一个整体;5)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干;6)分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构。长难句分析的步骤举例:经典例题(2001 年考研完型填空第二段)In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor,will intro

3、duce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.分析:第一,划出定语从句和状语从句:that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity/that

4、 can be given to a case/before a trial begins.第二,划出介词短语:In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press 第三,句子的结构分析:(1)主干结构是主语(Lord Irvine 含同位语 the Lord Chancellor)+将来时谓语(will introduce)+宾语(a draft bill);(2)that 引导的定语从句修饰 draft bill,其中,will propose 是第一个谓语,making payments to witnesses ill

5、egal 是一个动名词短语做宾语,在动名词短语内部,payments to witnesses 做 making 的宾语,illegal 是宾补;第二个谓语是 will strictly control,the amount of publicity 是它的宾语。that can be given to a case before a trial begins 是孕含有一个时间状语从句(before a trial begins)的定语从句,修饰 publicity。请大家按照上述步骤认真分解以下 70 个句子,并把分解后的句子读熟甚至背过,则基本上可以解决考研长难句问题。1.This wil

6、l be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.结构分析:句子的主干是 This will be particularly true。since 引导原因状语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个由关系代词 that 引导的定语从句,修饰 the high-energy America

7、n fashion。在定语从句中,that 做主语,makes 做谓语,it 做形式宾语,不定式短语 to combine few farmers with high yields 则是真正的宾语(不定式短语内部 to combine 是主干,few farmers 是宾语,with high yields 是状语),possible 做宾语补足语。this 指代前句中提到的这种困境。energy pinch译为“能源的匮乏”;infashi on 译为“用方法、方式”。译文:这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏,高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在农业中继续下去,而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民

8、就可获得高产成为可能。2.Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter,we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.结构分析:句子的主干是 we must be sure。since 引导原因状语从句 the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter。主句中又有 that 引导的宾语

9、从句 that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison。此宾语从句中又套嵌一个由介词with+which 引导的定语从句 with which we are comparing our subjects 修饰先行词 the scale。scale 在此处意为“尺度、衡量标准”。译文:既然对智力的评估相比较而言的,那么我们必须确保,在对我们的对象进行比较时,我们所用的尺度能够提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。3.In general,the tests work m

10、ost effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.结构分析:句子的框架是 the tests work most effectively whenand least effectively when。and 连接两个并列分句,每个并列分句中皆有一个when 引导的时间状语从句分别说明 work most effec

11、tively 和 and(work)least effectively。第二个时间状语从句中还有一个主语从句 whatpredicted。the tests 是主句的主语,work 为动词做谓语。qualities 在此处是可数名词,不译为“质量”,而译为“特征”。defined 不能直译为“被定义为”,而应译为主动语态“界定”。译文:一般来说,当所需要测定的特征能被精确界定时,测试最为有效;而当所测定或预测的东西不能被明确界定时,测试效果最差。4.For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus d

12、o not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.结构分析:句子的框架是 they do not compensate,and thus do not tell how。and 连接两个并列分句,第二个并列分句中由 how 引导的宾语从句是一个带有虚拟条件句的主从复合句,其中 had he grown up(=If he had grown up)是省略了连词 if 的非真实条件句。主句主语的 they,在此代指上

13、文提到的 tests;able 在句中作 might have been 的表语。underprivileged 在此不能译为“没有特权的”,而译为“没有地位的”或“物质条件差的”。译文:例如,测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公;因此,它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人,如果在较好的环境中成长的话,会有多大才干。5.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans ex

14、tend to other humans,or with no consideration at all.结构分析:句子的框架是 It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to think that。冒号后的复合句是对冒号前部分作进一步说明。复合句中 that 引导宾语从句,从句中有 eitheror引导的两个并列的介词结构作状语,修饰动词 be treated,其中第一个 with 介词结构中还有一个省略了关系代词 that 或 which 的定语从句 humans extend to other hum

15、ans,修饰the consideration。it 代指上文的观点,即如果对人权没有达成一致看法,而谈论动物的权利是徒劳的。介词短语 at the outset 译为“从一开始”。动词 invites应转译为“使”、“让”或“促使”。动宾结构 extend consideration to 意为“给予关怀或关心”,consideration 不应译为“考虑”。译文:这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向极端,它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关怀体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。6.But even more important,it was the farthest that scientis

16、ts had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.结构分析:句子的框架是 it was the farthest that。但 It wasthat在本句中不是强调句型。it 是指上句中所提到的 150 亿年前形成的巨大云团(a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth);that 引

17、导的应是一个定语从句,修饰先行词 the farthest。for 引导的是表示原因的分句,分句中还有 that 引导的定语从句,修饰 the patterns and structure。译文:但更重要的是,这是科学家们所能观测到的有关过去的最为遥远的景象,因为他们看到的是 150 亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。7.Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor,tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural worke

18、rs,with their wives and children,were forced into the cities in search of work,and any work,under any condition,that would keep them alive.结构分析:句子的框架是 it happened that。it 做形式主语,that 引导的从句做真正的主语。主语从句中,又有一个由 when 引导的时间状语从句,主句为tens of thousands of homeless and hun gry agricultural workerswere forced,时间

19、状语从句中从句主语 the new factories 又带有一个定语从句 that were springing up;that would keep them alive 做 work 的定语从句。spring up 意为“发生,出现,建立”。译文:于是就出现了这样的情况:正当新办的工厂纷纷建立,需要劳动力的时候,成千上万无家可归、饥肠辘辘、以农业为生的劳动者携家带口,被迫进入城市;他们要找活干,不管什么活儿,不论什么条件,只要不被饿死就行。8.As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have

20、 come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments,she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure.结构分析:句子的框架是we have come to believe that。that 引导的从句做 believe 的宾语从句;此从句中有一个 that 从句作 the sense

21、的同位语从句;同位语从句中又套嵌一个由 when 引导的时间状语从句;此时间状语从句又套嵌一个定语从句 that endure,修饰其先行词 discoveries。by way of 意为“经由,通过方法”;reward sb.with 意为“以报答,酬劳”;end ure 此处应译为“持久,持续”,不要译为“忍受,容忍”。译文:由于两三个世纪以来的科学研究成果,我们逐渐相信,如果运用合适的观察和实验方法向大自然探究问题,她会真心实意地给我们答复,并且以永垂不朽的发现来报答我们。从这个意义上来说,大自然是可以认识的。9.These new observational capabilities

22、 would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting.结构分析:句子的框架是 These new observational capabilities would result in sim

23、ply a mass of details。后面紧跟省略了 if 引导的虚拟条件句we re it not for the fact that,即 if it were not for the fact that;that 从句作 the fact 的同位语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个定语从句,修饰其先行词 the stage;required for reliable weather forecasting 为过去分词短语修饰 the kind of measurements。simply 译为“只不过,仅仅”,不应译为“简单地”。译文:理论上的认识已达到了这样一个阶段,即现在已能指出需要哪种测

24、量方式才能可靠地预报天气。如果做不到这一点,那么上述这些新的观察能力只不过提供了一大堆细节而已。10.The story of the discovery of what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes,namely that a solid body when immersed in a liquid loses a portion of its weight of the liquid it displaces,has many different versions,of which the following is

25、one.结构分析:句子的框架是 The storyhas many different versions。what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes 为名词性从句做介词 of 的宾语。namely that a solid body作 the principle of Archimedes的同位语;when immersed in a liquid 是省略了主语的过去分词短语,句子补充完整为 when the solid body is immersed in a liquid,修饰其主句 a solid body lose

26、s a portion of its weight of the liquid;it displaces 是省略了关系代词 that 的定语从句修饰 the liquid,it 代指前面提到的 the solid body;同时,of which the following is one 又构成先行词 versions 的定语从句。displace 意为“排(水)”;version 不译为“版本”,此处指“根据个人观点的(对事件等的)说法,看法”;句尾的 one 代指 a version。译文:当固体浸没到液体中时,固体会失去它所排出的液体的那部分重量,这就是现在通常所谓的阿基米德原理。有关这

27、一发现的故事说法众多,下面的故事就是其中之一。11.We assumed that there were forces of attraction between molecules which varied rapidly with the distance so that the attraction between molecules that were more than a few ten millionths of a millimeter apart was very small but became considerable when the molecules approac

28、hed more closely.结构分析:句子的框架是 We assumed that there were forces of attraction。that 引导宾语从句。此宾语从句中套嵌一个由 which 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 forces of attraction;so that the attraction between molecules是 so that 结构引导的结果状语从句;在此状语从句中,除主干结构the attractionwas very small but became considerable,又有 that were more than a few te

29、n-millionths of a millimeter apart 做定语从句修饰先行词 molecules 和 when the molecules approached more closely 做状语从句,修饰but became considerable。considerable 译为“相当大(或多的)”。译文:我们曾经假定,分子之间存在着引力,这种引力随着分子之间距离的不同而有显著的变化,因而,在间距为千万分之几毫米的分子之间的引力是很小的,但是分子靠得很近时,这种引力会变得相当大。12.This need is enshrined in the concept of sustai

30、nable development,which means that we must,for the benefit of coming generations,leave enough environmental space so that these generations will be able to address their needs and fulfill their aspirations.结构分析:句子的框架是 This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development。其后紧跟着一个 which 引导的定语从句,修饰先行词sustainable development。此定语从句的谓语动词 means 又套嵌一个 that 引导的宾语从句,即 we mustleave enough environmental space。此宾语从句中又有so that 结构做此从句的目的状语。be enshrined in 意为“被深深地珍藏(或铭记)在”,此处转译为主动语态“纳入到”。sustainable development 译为“可持续发展”。译文:这一需要被正式载入可持续发展的概念之中。所谓可持续发展是指:为了子孙后代的