介词和介词短语(知识梳理).pdf

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1、.介词和介词短语 真题再现：1.They believe that there are transport developments _ that will bring a lot of changes for the better.A.out of date B.out of order C.around the clock D.around the corner 2.Last year was the warmest year on record,with global temperature 0.68 _ the average.A.below B.on C.at D.above 3.H

2、ave you ever heard of the trees that are homes _ animals both on land and sea?A.about B.to C.with D.over 4.Most people work because its unavoidable.,there are some people who actually enjoy work.A.As a result B.In addition C.By contrast D.In conclusion 5.These comments came specific questions often

3、asked by local newsmen.A.in memory of B.in response to C.in touch with D.in possession of 6.Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around _ Thomas Edison.A.thanks to B.regardless of C.aside from D.but for 7.This meeting room is a non-smoking area.I would like to warn you _ that if you s

4、moked here you would be fined.A.in advance B.in detail C.in total D.in general 8.Human life is regarded as part of nature and,as such,the only way for us to survive is to live nature.A.in view of B.in need of C.in touch with D.in harmony with 9.The little pupil took his grandma the arm and walked he

5、r across the street.A.on B.by C.in D.at1 10.A common memory they all have_ their school days is the school uniform.A.of B.on C.to D.with 答案与解析：1.解析:D。此题考察的是介词短语，A 选项过时的，B 选项无秩序，C 选项夜以继日地，D选项即将到来。根据语意,应选：D 2.解析：D。此题考察的知识点是介词。on record 有记载的，below the average 平均程度以下，above the average 平均程度以上，on the aver

6、age 平均来说。故 D 正确。3.解析：B。句意：你是否有听说过树是陆上动物和海上动物的家？home to sth.固定搭配，“是什么的家园的意思。该句是一个疑问句，其中还含有一个定语从句。4.解析：C。句意：很多人工作是因为这是不可防止的，相反，有一些人是确实喜欢工作的。根据前后的意思，可以知道前后是表示比照。A 意为“结果，B 意为“此外，C 意为“相反，D 意为“结论。“不可防止表述到一种无奈，也就是说，很多人是不得不工作的。后句的表达是“事实上有些人喜欢工作，“喜欢和“不得不刚好构成一种否认，所以答案只能是选 C。5.解析：B。句意：这些评论是对某些经常被当地记者问到的问题的回应。i

7、n memory of 意为“纪念，in response to 意为“回应，in touch with 意为“联络，in possession of 意为“拥有。分析句子成分知道空格处充当介词短语作状语的作用，根据常识和句意，评论应该是对问题的回应。6.解析：D。此题考察虚拟语气 but for 的用法，句意为：假如没有 Thomas，对我们有好处.y 的很多东西就不会来到我们身边。7.解析：A。考察介词短语辨析。句意：这个会议室是非吸烟区。我要提早提醒你，假如你在这里吸烟，你会被罚款的。8.解析：D。in view of 在眼里；in need of 需要；in touch with 和接

8、触；in harmony with 与和谐相处。这四个短语后面都应该接名词，该句意思为：人的生活是自然的一部分，因此，我们生存下来的唯一的方法就是与自然和谐相处。根据句意，应选 D。9.解析：B。句意：这个小学生拉住他奶奶的膀子和她一起穿过街道。take sb.by the arm 拉住某人的膀子，所以选 B。10.解析：A。of 关于，表示附属关系；on 在之上；to 对于；with 和在一起。该句意思为：他们共有的关于他们学校的记忆是校服。应选 A。难点是介词放在定语从句部分考察。语法讲解：介词主要考察近义词的用法区别、介词的特定含义、介词和连词易混淆的工程、介词的固定用法等。在历年全国各

9、地高考试题中，都涉及到介词的考察，不仅在单项填空中进展考察，在短文改错题中，对于介词的有无、介词与其他词的固定搭配的考察尤为频繁。介词是英语中比较活泼的词，中学阶段所学的介词有 40 多个。它与名词、形容词、副词和动词等构成搭配时用法灵敏，意义丰富。搭配比较活泼的介词主要有 in，out，up，down，on，off，to，from，for，over，with 等。介词的考察将以介词的固定短语和介词辨析为主。介词的定义及分类 介词又叫前置词，属于虚词，后面必须接名词、代词或相当于名词或代词的词、短语、句子作宾语。介词本身数量不大，但它与动词、形容词和名词等实词的搭配力极强。介词可按其构成分为：

10、简单介词，即一个介词，如 about，at，in，of，since 等。复合介词，由两个介词组成，如 as for，as to，out of 等。二重介词，由两个介词搭配而成，但没有复合介词那样固定，如 from under，from behind，until after，except in 等。短语介词，由短语构成，如 according to，because of，in spite of，on behalf of，with reference to 等。分词介词，由如今分词构成，如 regarding，concerning，including 等。“动词+介词短语举例：look after

11、 sb/sth 照顾，看管 look at sb/sth 注视，着眼于 look for sb/sth 寻找；期待，期望 look forward to sth/doing sth 盼望，期待 look into sth 窥视；调查；阅读 look like sb/sth 看起来像 look up sth 查阅 “形容词+介词 短语举例：be afraid of sth.害怕某事 be curious about 对什么好奇 be different from 与什么不同 be interested in sth./sb.对某人或某物很感兴趣 be proud of 骄傲，自豪 .be sim

12、ilar to 与相似 be strict with 对严格要求 “名词+介词短语举例：attitude to/towards 态度，看法 belief in sth./sb.相信某人或某事 congratulation on sth 对表示祝贺 interestn.in sth 对的兴趣 respectn.for sb/sth.对的尊敬 satisfaction with sb/sth 对满意 “介词+名词短语举例：at hand 在手边，在附近 by accident 偶尔 beyond doubt 毫无疑问 in addition 另外 for the moment 如今，暂时 from

13、 time to time 有时，不时 with the purpose of 为了 常见介词用法 against Nobody has got anything against you at all.反对 He saw a girl sitting alone on a bench against the wall.靠着 We have saved some money against old age.防范 The little red house looks so beautiful against the green woods.在映衬下 at They left their lugga

14、ge at the station.at 后接地点 At noon there was still no news.at 后接时间 What are you laughing at?at 后接原因 I was surprised at his words.at 强调引起某种情感的原因 I came here at her invitation/request.at 表示“应要求、恳求等 When I arrived,they were at their meal.at 固定搭配，吃饭 I am rather slow at drawing.at 强调在某方面 I wont buy it at

15、that price.at 后接价格 beyond He saw a house beyond the woods.在那边 It was quite beyond me.超出才能、范围等 by He left by the nearest exit.通过 We traveled by sea/plane to save time.表示手段、方式，无冠词 By next Friday I will have finished the job.到为止 He taught himself English by practicing all day long.by doing 表示手段、方式 He t

16、ook her by the hand.by the“身体部位 I did that by accident/mistake/nature.固定搭配 Sugar is sold by the pound/weight.by the 详细单位/重量、面积等 He is older than Mike by five years.表示差距.The room is forty feet by twenty.表示乘号 with Who is that with brown hair?表示伴随特征 He was asleep with his head on his arms.表示伴随动作 Weathe

17、r changes with the season.随着 above 1.表示位置、年龄、职位、数量：在上面，在之上 above the sea level 海平面以上 two degrees above zero 零上二度 2.表示品质、行为、才能等“超出之外 The maths problem is above beyond me.这个问题我解决不了。He is a man beyond personal interests.他是一个超越个人利益的人。across 1.表示动作的方向、位置：穿过、横过 push the cart across the bridge 把车子推过桥 fly a

18、cross the Atlantic 飞越大西洋 2.表示地点：在对面 across the room 在房间另一头 主要介词区别 表示时间的 at,in,on：at 表示片刻的时间，如：at 8 oclock，常用词组有：at noon,at night,at midnight,at the end of,at that time,at the beginning of,at the age of,at Christmas,at New Year 等。in 表示一段的时间，如：in the morning,in the afternoon,in the evening,in October,

19、in 2019,in summer,in the past,in the future 等。on 总是跟日子有关，on Monday,on Christmas morning,on the following day,on May Day,on a warm morning 等。over,above,on over,on 和 above 都可表示“在上面，但详细含义不同。Over 表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反义词是 under。above 也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反义词是 below。On 指两个物体外表接触，一个在另一个的上面。There is a bridge o

20、ver the river.We flew above the clouds.They put some flowers on the teachers desk.表示时间的 since 和 from：since 表示从过去到如今的一段时间的过程，常与如今完成时连用。from 表示从时间的某一点开场，不涉及与如今的关系。一般多与如今时、过去时、将来时连用。I hope to do morning exercises from today.We have not seen each other since 2019.表示时间的 in 和 after：两者都表示“在某个时间之后，区别在于 in 表

21、示“在一段时间之后，而 after 那么表示“在某一详细时间点之后；in 短语和将来时态连用，after 短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。Well be back in three days.After seven the rain began to fall.What shall we do after graduation?注意：after 有时也可以表示在一段时间之后常用在过去时里。After two months he returned.within 与 in within 和 in 后都必须跟时间段。within 强调“在时间之内，没有时态的限制；in 是以如今为基准，in an ho

22、ur 是指从如今起 1 小时之后，所以一般用于将来时：He will be back in five hours.They worked hard.They finished the work within 2 days at last.I must finish painting the cat within/in five minutes.表示地理位置的 in,on,to：in 表示在某范围内，on 指与什么毗邻，to 指在某范围之外。Changchun is in the northeast of China.Mongolia is on the north of China.Japan

23、 is to the east of China.表示“在上的 on 和 in：on 只表示在某物的外表上，而用 in 表示占去某物一部分。There is a book on the piece of paper.There is an interesting article in the newspaper.He dug a hole in the wall.表示“穿过的 through 和 across：through 表示从内部通过，与 in 有关；across 那么表示从一端至另一端在外表上的通过，与 on 有关。Water flows through the pipe.The ol

24、d man walked across the street.until,till,to until/till 指“直到为止，until 和 till 可以通用。until/till seven oclock 直到 7 点 由 until/till 形成的句子，句中的动词假如是短暂性动词，那么必须用否认句：Ill wait for him until he comes here.wait 是延续动词，用肯定式 We didnt begin to watch TV until/till nine oclock.begin 是短暂性动词，所以用否认式 in the corner,on the co

25、rner,at the corner：in the corner 表示在角落里，in 指角的内面；on the corner 表示“在角上，on 指的不是内面，也不是外面，而含内外兼有之意；at the corner 指“在拐角处，at 指的是拐角外面附近的外面。The lamp stands in the corner of the room.I met with him at the street corner.He sat on the corner of the table.in the end,at the end of,by the end of：in the end 作“最后、“

26、终于解，可单独使用，后不接介词 of；at the end of 表示“在末梢，“到尽头，既可指时间，也可以指地点或物体，不可单独使用；by the end of 作“在完毕时，“到末为止解，只能指时间，不可单独使用。In the end they reached a place of safety.At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.By the end of last month he had fini

27、shed the novel.表示“关于的 about 和 on：两者都有“关于的意思，不过前者为一般用词，而后者为较正式的“阐述。He came to tell me about something important.He wrote a book on science.between,among：一般说来，between 表示两者之间，among 用于三者或三者以上的中间。You are to sit between your father and me.He is always happy among his classmates.但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，假如强调的是两两互

28、相间接关系，适用于between。Agreements were made between the different countries.在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分别位于两边时用 between。The little valley lies between high mountains.。在谈事物间的差异时，总是用 between。They dont know the difference between wheat,oats and barley.besides,except,but,except for：besides 指“除了还有，再加上。except 指“除了，减去什么

29、，不能放在句首。如：All went out except me.；but 与 except 意思近似，表示“除了外经常用在 no,all,nobody,anywhere,everything 等和其他疑问词后面。except for 表示“如无就，只是说明理由细节。Nobody but you could be so selfish.He could do little except write.He had other people to take care of besides me.His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes

30、.but 和 except 在表示“除了以外时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用 but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用 but。He has nothing to do but wait.前有 do,后省 to；but 与一些固定构造连用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事；can not but do sth.不得不；can not help but do sth.不得不；but for.如不是 表示

31、“用的 in 和 with：表示工具的“用，用 with，而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的“用，用 in。He is writing a letter with a pen.He wrote the letter in pencil.We measured it in pounds.Read the text in a loud voice.Tell me the story in English.as,like：as 作“作为、“以地位或身份解。Let me speak to you as a father.事实是父亲；like 作“象一样解。Let me speak to

32、 you like a father.事实上不是父亲。in,into：.into 表示动作的方向，不表示动作的目的地或位置。如：We walked into the park.in通常表示位置。We walked in the park；in 和 drop,fall,put,throw,break 等终止性动词连用时，也可以表示动向。I have put the coin in into my pocket.介词短语与短语介词 介词+名词或者代词，或者相当于名词的其他词类、短语、从句=介词短语。如：in the morning 在早晨 under the tree 在树下 from China

33、 来自中国，介词短语是可以单独作为句子成分；而短语介词是一个相当于介词的短语，不能单独作为句子成分。如：according to 根据 ahead of 在之前 apart from 在之外 because of 由于 by means of 以之手段 by way of 通过的方式 介词短语的句法功能 作表语 The book you want is on the table.作宾补 I saw a tall man under the tree.作定语后置定语 The man under the tree is my father.作状语 1.作地点状语 We live in Hangzh

34、ou.2.作时间状语 She got here at four.3.作方式状语 They came here by train.4.作原因状语 The game was postponed because of rain.5.作条件状语 There will be no living things without water.6.作目的状语 He ran for shelter.7.作让步状语 They play football in spite of the rain.8.作程度状语 To what extent would you trust them?注意：1.介词一般放在名词之前，但

35、它后面的介词宾语是疑问代词、疑问副词、关系代词或被动语态时，这些词提到了前面而只剩下介词在后了。2.over 可表位置，意为“在上方，越过；遮住，盖住，也可表时间，意为“在期间，多年以来等，它还有“在问题上，对某事等引申意义。You cant wear a blue jacket over that shirtitll look terrible 你不能在那件衬衣外面再穿上蓝色的夹克太难看了。We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea我们一边喝茶一边愉快地交谈。We heard it over the radio我们从播送中听到了它。.3.by 的主要意思

36、有“在旁，靠近；乘车、船等；不迟于；到为止；被，由；根据，按照关系；通过方式等，还可以用来表示增加或减少的程度。by 构成的常见短语有：by and by 不久，迟早 by and large 大体上 by oneself 单独 by the way 顺便说说 by far 得多，最 by chance 碰巧 by accident 偶尔地 by means of 借助 by no means 绝不，一点也不 by mistake 错误地 The water in the river rose by two meters He is an Englishman by birth 3with 可

37、以用来表示“带有，拥有；随着；就来说；用，以；和，与；对于，关于等意思。with 还可用来表示原因。He turned red with anger 4beyond 是一个考察热点。beyond 表示“时间过了，比晚，迟于；位置在那边，超出之外；范围超过，为所不及，超出的范围等意思。They arrived beyond nine oclock The book is beyond me Tom is far beyond his elder brother in math 5.要求接 to 的名词有：key,answer,visit,entrance,apology,introduction

38、,road 等。要求接 in 的名词有：interest,satisfaction,expert 等。介词的省略：1.以 all 开头的名词短语，for 要省略。I stayed with her all the morning.2.否认句中，表示时间的短语前的 for 不能省略。I havent seen you for thirty years.3.时间状语在主句之前，for 不能省略。For the whole morning,the old man kept reading.介词的误用：Whom are you writing to?laugh at others a tree to sit under prepare for the exam wait for the bus knock at the door come in from the window serve 不用 for the people marry 不用 with sb enter 不用 into the room