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1、 A BRIEF HISTORYOFTHE NOVELGENERAL PARAMETERS OF THE NOVEL&GENRE:Fiction:Narrative&STYLE:Prose&LENGTH:Extended&PURPOSE:Mimesis:Verisimilitude“The Novel is a picture of real life and manners,and of the time in which it is written.The Romance,in lofty and elevated language,describes what never happene

2、d nor is likely to happen.”Clara Reeve,The Progress of Romance,1785 Verisimilitude&a semblance of truth&recognizable settings and characters in real time&what Hazlitt calls,“the close imitation of men and manners the very texture of society as it really exists.”&The novel emerged when authors fused

3、adventure and romance with verisimilitude and heroes that were not supermen but ordinary people,often,insignificant nobodies.Narrative Precursors to the Novel&Heroic EpicsGilgamesh吉尔伽美什(传说中的苏美尔国王),Homers Iliad and Odyssey,Mahabharata,Valmikis Ramayana,罗摩衍那 Virgils Aeneid,Beowulf,The Song of Roland&A

4、ncient Greek and Roman Romances and NovelsAn Ephesian Tale and Chaereas and Callirhoe,Petroniuss,Satyricon,Apuleiuss The Golden Ass&Oriental Frame TalesThe Jataka,A Thousand and One Nights&Irish and Icelandic SagasThe Tain bo Cuailinge,Njals SagaNarrative Precursors to the Novel&Medieval European Ro

5、mancesArthurian tales culminating in Malorys Morte Darthur&Elizabethan Prose FictionGascoignes The Adventure of Master F.J.,Lylys Euphues,Greenes Pandosto:The Triumph of Time,Nashes The Unfortunate Traveller,Deloneys Jack of Newbury&Travel AdventuresMarco Polo,Ibn Batuta,Mores Utopia,Swifts Gulliver

6、s Travels,Voltaires Candide&Novelle Boccaccios Decameron,Margurerite de Navarres Heptameron&Moral TalesBunyans Pilgrims Progess,Johnsons RasselasThe First Novels&The Tale of Genji(Japan,11th c.)by Lady Murasaki Shikibu&Monkey,Water Margin,and Romance of Three Kingdoms(China,16th c.)&Don Quixote(Spai

7、n,1605-15)by Miguel de Cervantes&The Princess of Cleves(France,1678)by Madame de Lafayette&Love Letters between a Nobleman and His Sister(England,1683)and Oroonoko王子的奴隶生活 (1688)by Aphra Behn&Robinson Crusoe(England,1719),Moll Flanders(1722)and A Journal of the Plague Year(1722)by Daniel DeFoe&Pamela

8、,or Virtue Rewarded(England,1740-1742)by Samuel Richardson&Joseph Andrews(England,1742)and Tom Jones(1746)by Henry FieldingTypes of Novels&Picaresque 流浪汉小说&Epistolary&Sentimental&Gothic&Historical&Psychological&Realistic/Naturalistic&Regional&Social&Adventure&Mystery&Science Fiction&Magical RealismT

9、he Tale of Genji源氏物語 Lady Murasaki紫式部&Picture of life at the 10th c.Heian court平安时代平安时代的的(指日本历史上以文艺兴旺发展著称的时期指日本历史上以文艺兴旺发展著称的时期,794-1185)&Relates the lives and loves of Prince Genji and his children and grandchildren&It is sometimes called the worlds firstnovel,the first modern novel,the firstpsychol

10、ogical novelor the first novel still to be considered a classic.While universally considered a masterpiece,its precise classification and influence in both Western and Eastern Canon has been a matter of debate(seeStaturebelow).Heian Japan&794-1185&Capital at Heian:present-day Kyoto&Highly formalized

11、 court culture&Aristocratic monopoly of power&Literary and artistic flowering&Ended in civil war with civil wars and emergence of samurai cultureHeian Literature&Men continued to write Chinese-style poetry&Women began to write in Japanese prose&First novel:Genji Monogatari by Lady Murasaki Shikibu&D

12、iaries:&The Pillowbook by Sei Shonagan&As I Crossed a Bridge of Dreams?by Lady Sarashina&The Tosa DiaryMing Dynasty 1368-1644Founded by Chu Yuan-chang,a peasant who had been a Buddhist monk,a bandit leader and a rebel general Emperor Hong WuLast native imperial dynasty in Chinese historyRe-adopted c

13、ivil-service examination systemOne of Chinas most prosperous periods:agricultural revolution,reforestation,manufacturing and urbanizationMing Literature Development of the novel&Arose from traditions of Chinese storytelling&Written in commoners language&Divided into chapters at points where storytel

14、lers would have stopped to collect money&Classics of Chinese literature:&Water Margin,16th c.band of outlaws&Romance of Three Kingdoms,16th c.historical novel&Monkey:Journey to the West,16th-17th c.&Water Margin(known in Chinese as Shuihu Zhuan,sometimes abbreviated to Shuihu),also known as Outlaws

15、of the Marsh,All Men Are Brothers,Men of the Marshes,or The Marshes of Mount Liang,is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature.&Attributed to Shi Naian and written in vernacular Chinese,the story,set in the Song Dynasty,tells of how a group of 108 outlaws gathered at Mount Liang(

16、or Liangshan Marsh)to form a sizable army before they are eventually granted amnesty by the government and sent on campaigns to resist foreign invaders and suppress rebel forces.The novel was originally titled in Chinese Jianghu Haoke Zhuan(江湖豪客傳江湖豪客傳),and the title was sometimes extended to Zhongyi

17、 Shuihu Zhuan(忠義水滸傳忠義水滸傳).&Water Margin is a novel based on the outlaw Song Jiang and his 36 companions.The group was active in the Huainan region and surrendered to the Song Dynasty government in 1121.They were recorded in the historical text History of Song.The name of Song Jiang appeared in the b

18、iography of Emperor Huizong of Song,which stated:&The outlaw Song Jiang of Huainan and others attacked the army at Huaiyang,(the Emperor)sent generals to attack and arrest them.(The outlaws)infringed on east of the capital(Kaifeng),Hebei,and entered the boundaries of Chu(referring to present-day Hub

19、ei and Hunan)and Haizhou(covering parts of present-day Jiangsu).The prefect Zhang Shuye was ordered to pacify them.1&Zhang Shuyes biography further described Song Jiang and the outlaws activities,and how they were eventually defeated by Zhang.2&Folk stories of Song Jiang circulated during the Southe

20、rn Song Dynasty.The first text to name Song Jiangs 36 companions was Miscellaneous observations from the year of Guixin(癸辛雜識癸辛雜識)by Zhou Mi,written in the 13th century.Among the 36 were Lu Junyi,Guan Sheng,Ruan Xiaoer,Ruan Xiaowu,Ruan Xiaoqi,Liu Tang,Hua Rong and Wu Yong.Some of the characters who l

21、ater became associated with Song Jiang also appeared around this time.They include Sun Li,Yang Zhi,Lin Chong,Lu Zhishen and Wu Song.Plot of Water magin&The opening episode in the novel is the release of the 108 spirits,imprisoned under an ancient stele-bearing tortoise.4 The next chapter describes t

22、he rise of Gao Qiu,one of the primary antagonists of the story.Gao Qiu abuses his status as a grand marshal by bullying Wang Jin,whose father taught Gao a painful lesson when the latter was still a street roaming ruffian.Wang Jin flees from the capital with his mother and by chance he meets Shi Jin,

23、who becomes his student.The next few chapters tell the story of Shi Jins friend Lu Zhishen,&followed by the story of Lus sworn brother Lin Chong.Lin Chong is framed by Gao Qiu for attempted assassination and almost dies in a fire at a supply depot set by Gaos lackeys.He slays his foes and abandons t

24、he depot,eventually making his way to Liangshan Marsh,where he becomes an outlaw.Meanwhile,the Original Seven,led by Chao Gai,rob a convoy of birthday gifts intended for the minister Cai Jing,another primary antagonist of the story.&They flee to Liangshan Marsh after defeating a group of soldiers se

25、nt by the authorities to arrest them,and settle down there as outlaws as well,with Chao Gai as chief of the outlaw band.As the story progresses,more people come to join the outlaw band,among whom include army generals and civil servants who grew tired of serving the corrupt government,as well as men

26、 with special skills and talents.&Stories of the outlaws are told in separate sections in the following chapters.Connections between characters are vague,but the individual stories are eventually pieced together by chapter 40 after Song Jiang succeeds Chao Gai as the leader of the outlaw band,after

27、the latter dies in battle against the Zeng Family Fortress.&The plot further develops by illustrating the conflicts between the outlaws and the Song government after the Grand Assembly.Song Jiang strongly advocates making peace with the government and seeking redress for the outlaws.After defeating

28、the imperial armies,the outlaws are eventually granted amnesty by the Emperor Huizong.The emperor recruits them to form a military contingent and allows them to embark on campaigns against invaders from the Liao Dynasty and suppress the rebel forces of Tian Hu,Wang Qing and Fang La within the Song D

29、ynastys domain.&The following outline of chapters is based on a 100 chapters edition.Yang Dingjians 120 chapters edition includes other campaigns of the outlaws on behalf of Song Dynasty,while Jin Shengtans 70 chapters edition omits the chapters on the outlaws acceptance of amnesty and subsequent ca

30、mpaigns.Don Quixoteby Miguel de Cervantes(1547-1616)&First European novel:part I-1605;part II-1615&A psychological portrait of a mid-life crisis&Satirizes medieval romances,incorporates pastoral,picaresque,social and religious commentary&What is the nature of reality?&How does one create a life?&The

31、 Cervantes Project&Don Quixote(/dn kihoti/,Spanish:do kixote(listen),fully titledThe Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha(Spanish:El ingeniosohidalgodon Quijote de la Mancha),is a novel written by Spanish authorMiguel de Cervantes.Published in two volumes a decade apart(in 1605 and 1615),Don

32、 Quixoteis the most influential work of literature from theSpanish Golden Agein the Spanish literary canon.&As a founding work of modern Western literature,and one of the earliest canonical novels,it regularly appears high on lists of the greatest works of fiction ever published.Inone such list,Don

33、Quixotewas cited as the best literary work ever written.The Princess of ClevesMadame de Lafayette1634-93&First European historical novel recreates life of 16th c.French nobility at the court of Henri II&First roman danalyse(novel of analysis),dissecting emotions and attitudes&Study guide for the The

34、 Princess of ClevesThe Rise of the English Novel&The Restoration of the monarchy(1660)in England after the Puritan Commonwealth(1649-1660)encouraged an outpouring of secular literature&Appearance of periodical literature:journals and newspapers&Literary Criticism&Character Sketches&Political Discuss

35、ion&Philosophical Ideas&Increased leisure time for middle class:Coffee House and Salon society&Growing audience of literate women&England in the 17th and 18th CenturiesEnglands first professional female author:Aphra Behn1640-1689Novels&Love Letters between a Nobleman and his sister(1683)&The Fair Ji

36、lt(1688)&Agnes de Castro(1688)&Oroonoko(c.1688)Drama&The Forced Marriage(1670)&The Amorous Prince(1671)&Abdelazar(1676)&The Rover(1677-81)&The Feignd Curtezans(1679)&The City Heiress(1682)&The Lucky Chance(1686)&The Lovers Watch(1686)&The Emperor of the Moon(1687)&Lycidus(1688)Daniel Defoe&Master of

37、 plain prose and powerful narrative&Reportial:highly realistic detail&Travel adventure:Robinson Crusoe,1719&Contemporary chronicle:Journal of the Plague Year,1722&Picaresques:Moll Flanders,1722 and RoxanaPicaresque Novels&Derives from Spanish picaro:a rogue&A usually autobiographical chronicle of a

38、rascals travels and adventures as s/he makes his/her way through the world more by wits than industry&Episodic,loose structure&Highly realistic:detailed description and uninhibited expression&Satire of social classes&Contemporary picaresques:Saul Bellows Adventures of Augie March;Jack Kerouacs On th

39、e RoadEpistolary Novels&Novels in which the narrative is told in letters by one or more of the characters&Allows author to present feelings and reactions of characters,brings immediacy to the plot,allows multiple points of view&Psychological realism&Contemporary epistolary novels:Alice Walkers The C

40、olor Purple;Nick Bantocks Griffin and Sabine;Kalisha Buckhannons UpstateFathers of the English Novel&Pamela(1740)and Clarissa(1747-48)&Epistolary&Sentimental&Morality tale:Servant resisting seduction by her employer&Shamela(1741)Joseph Andrews(1742),and Tom Jones(1749)&Picaresque protagonists&“comic

41、 epic in prose”&Parody of RichardsonSamuel Richardson1689-1761Henry Fielding1707-1754Jane Austen and the Novel of Manners&Novels dominated by the customs,manners,conventional behavior and habits of a particular social class&Often concerned with courtship and marriage&Realistic and sometimes satiric&

42、Focus on domestic society rather than the larger world&Other novelists of manners:Anthony Trollope,Edith Wharton,F.Scott Fitzgerald,Margaret DrabbleGothic Novels&Novels characterized by magic,mystery and horror&Exotic settings medieval,Oriental,etc.&Originated with Horace Walpoles Castle of Otranto(

43、1764)&William Beckford:Vathek,An Arabian Tale(1786)&Anne Radcliffe:5 novels(1789-97)including The Mysteries of Udolpho&Widely popular genre throughout Europe and America:Charles Brockden Browns Wieland(1798)&Contemporary Gothic novelists include Anne Rice and Stephen King Frankenstein by Mary Shelle

44、y1797-1851&Inspired by a dream in reaction to a challenge to write a ghost story&Published in 1817(rev.ed.1831)&A Gothic novel influenced by Promethean myth&The first science fiction novelNovels of Sentiment&Novels in which the characters,and thus the readers,have a heightened emotional response to

45、events&Connected to emerging Romantic movement&Laurence Sterne(1713-1768):Tristam Shandy(1760-67)&Johann Wolfgang von Goethe(1749-1832):The Sorrows of Young Werther(1774)&Francois Rene de Chateaubriand(1768-1848):Atala(1801)and Rene(1802)&The Bronts:Anne Bront Agnes Grey(1847)Emily Bront,Wuthering H

46、eights(1847),Charlotte Bront,Jane Eyre(1847)The BrontsCharlotte(1816-55),Emily(1818-48),Anne(1820-49)&Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre transcend sentiment into myth-making&Wuthering Heights plumbs the psychic unconscious in a search for wholeness,while Jane Eyre narrates the female quest for individu

47、ation&Bront.info:website of Bront Society and Haworth Parsonage&The Victorian Webportrait by Branwell Bront of his sisters,Anne,Emily,and Charlotte(c.1834)Historical Novels&Novels that reconstruct a past age,often when two cultures are in conflict&Fictional characters interact with with historical f

48、igures in actual events&Sir Walter Scott(1771-1832)is considered the father of the historical novel:The Waverly Novels(1814-1819)and Ivanhoe(1819)Realism and Naturalism&Middle class&Pragmatic&Psychological&Mimetic art&Objective,but ethical&Sometimes comic or satiric&How can the individual live withi

49、n and influence society?&Honore Balzac,Gustave Flaubert,George Eliot,William Dean Howells,Mark Twain,Leo Tolstoy,George Sand&Middle/Lower class&Scientific&Sociological&Investigative art&Objective and amoral&Often pessimistic,sometimes comic&How does society/the environment impact individuals?&Emile

50、Zola,Fyodor Dostoevsky,Thomas Hardy,Stephen Crane,Theodore DreiserSocial Realism&Social or Sociological novels deal with the nature,function and effect of the society which the characters inhabit often for the purpose of effecting reform&Social issues came to the forefront with the condition of labo