2010年考研英语一真题与参考答案解析39435.pdf

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1、 2010 年考研英语一 Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank.and markA，B，CorDon ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called th

2、e Hawthorne Plant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting _1_ workers productivity.Instead，the studies ended_2_ giving their name to the effect”the emelyxtr influential idea the very_3_to being experimented upon changed subjects behavior The idea arose because of the_4_behavio

3、r of the women in the “Hawthorne plant.According to _5_of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased,but also when it was dimmed.It did not _6_what was done in the experiment._7_something was changed productivity rose.A(n)_8_ that they were being experimented upon seemed to

4、 be _9_to alter workers behavior _10_ itself After several decades，the same data were _11_to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record，no systematic _13_was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting It turns ou

5、t that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to _14_interpretation of what happened._15_，lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday,output _16_ rose compared with the previous Saturday and _17_ to rise for the next couple of days _18_，a comparison

6、with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday,workers _19_to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case，before _20_a plateau and then slackening off.This suggests that the alleged“Hawthorne effect ”is hard to pin down 1.A affected B

7、achieved Cextracted Drestored 2.Aat Bup Cwith Doff 3.Atruth Bsight Cact Dproof 4.Acontroversial Bperplexing Cmischievous Dambiguous 5.Arequirements Bexplanations Caccounts Dassessments 6.Aconclude Bmatter Cindicate Dwork 7.Aas far as Bfor fear that Cin case that Dso long as 8.Aawareness Bexpectation

8、 Csentiment Dillusion 9.Asuitable Bexcessive Cenough Dabundant 10.Aabout Bfor Con Dby 11.Acompared Bshown Csubjected Dconveyed 12.Acontrary to Bconsistent with Cparallel with Dpeculiar to 13.Aevidence Bguidance Cimplication Dsource 14.Adisputable Benlightening Creliable Dmisleading 15.AIn contrast B

9、For example CIn consequence DAs usual 16.Aduly Baccidentally Cunpredictably Dsuddenly 17.Afailed Bceased Cstarted Dcontinued 20.Abreaking Bclimbing Csurpassing Dhitting Section Reading Comprehension Part A Directions：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosingA，B，C

10、orD.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1 Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century,perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the p

11、oint of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspa

12、per reviews.To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of

13、 World War II,at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.In those far-off days,it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.Their

14、s was a serious business,and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly,like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman,could be trusted to know what they were about.These men believed in journalism as a calling,and were proud to be published in the daily press.“So few authors have brains enoug

15、 or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,”Newman wrote,I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”Unfortunately,these critics are virtually forgotten.Neville Cardus,who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from

16、1917 until shortly before his death in 1975,is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket.During his lifetime,though,he was also one of England s foremost-classicalmusiccritics,a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography(1947)became a best-seller.He was knighted in 1967,the

17、 first music critic to be so honored.Yet only one of his books is now in print,and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus s criticism will enjoy a revival?The prospect seems remote.Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death,and po

18、stmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.Moreover,the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21.It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that A arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.B English-langua

19、ge newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.C high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22.Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by A free themes.B casual style.C elaborate layout.D radical vie

20、wpoints.23.Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?A It is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals.B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.C Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24.What can be

21、 learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.C His style caters largely to modern specialists.D His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25.What would be the best

22、title for the text?A Newspapers of the Good Old Days B The Lost Horizon in Newspapers C Mournful Decline of Journalism D Prominent Critics in Memory Text 2 Over the past decade,thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods.Amazon com received one for its-click“”on line

23、payment system Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lying a box。Now the nation stoppatent court appears completely ready to scale hack on business-method patents,which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 1

24、0 years ago.In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.In re Bilski,as the case is known,is“a very big deal，says”DermisD,Crouch of the University of Mis

25、souri School of law.It“has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case,approving a patent on a

26、 way of pooling mutual-fund assets.That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings,initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pints to specific types of online transactions.Later,move established companies raced to add such patents to their files,if on

27、ly as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch.In 2005,IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.Similarly,some Wall Street investment films armed themselves

28、 with patents for financial products,even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice。The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court s

29、judges,rather than a typical panel of tthree,and tha one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should“reconsider”its state street Ba ruling。The Federal Circuit s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme.Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent hol

30、ders.Last April,for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions”that are obvious.The judges on the Federal circuit are“reaction anti-patent trend at the supreme court”says Harole C Wegner,attorneypar teand professor at Washington University Law School。26.Bus

31、iness-method patents have recently aroused concern because of A their limited value to business B their connection with asset allocation C the possible restriction on their granting D the controversy over authorization 27.Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?A Its ruling complies with t

32、he court decisions B It involves a very big business transaction C It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit D It may change the legal practices in the U.S。28.The word“about-face”(Line 1,Paro 3)most probably means A loss of good will Bincrease of hostility Cchange of attitude D enhancement of dis

33、unity 29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents A are immune to legal challenges B are of ten unnecessarily issued C lower the esteem for patent holders D increase the incidence of risks 30.Which of the following would be the subject of the text?AA looming threat to busin

34、ess-method patents BProtection for business-method patent holders CA legal case regarding business-method patents D A prevailing tread against business-method patents Text 3 In his book The Tipping Point Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny m

35、inority of special individuals,often called influentials who are unusual informed,persuasive,or we connect.The idea is intuitively compelling but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread。The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called t

36、he tow-step flow of communication.Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else.Marketers have embraced the two-step flow became it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials,those select people will do most of the work for them.The theor

37、y also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people was wearing,promoting or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people call drive trends。In their recent work,however,some r

38、esearchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.In fact,they don t seem to be required of all.The researchers argument stems from a simple observation about social influence,with the exception of a few celebrities like Op

39、rah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media,not interpersonal influence-even the most influential members of a population simply dont interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebrating influentials who according to the two-step-flow theory are supposed t

40、o drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic to occur however each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has

41、 little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant,for example from the initial influential,prove resistant,for example the cascade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people。Building on the basic tru

42、th about interpersonal influence,the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations,manipulating a number of variables relating to people s ability to influence others and their tendency to be。31.By citing the book The Tipping Point the aut

43、hor intends to A analyze the consequences of social epidemics B discuss influentials on functiinspreading ideas C exemplify people s intuitive response to social epidemics D describe the essential characteristics of influentials 32.The author suggests that the-step“-flowtwo theory”A serves as a solu

44、tion to marketing problems B has helped explain certain prevalent trends C has won support from influentials D requires solid evidence for its validity 33.What the researchers have observed recently shows that A the power of influence goes with social interactions B interpersonal links can be enhanc

45、ed through the media C influentials have more channels to reach the public Dmost celebritiea enjoy wide media attention 34.The underlined phrase“these people”in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who Astay outside the network of social influence Bhave little contact with the source of influence Care inf

46、luenced and then influence others D are influenced by the initial influential 35.What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?AThe eagerness to be accepted BThe impulse to influence others CThe readiness to be influenced DThe inclination to rely on others Text 4 Bankers have bee

47、n blaming themselves for their troubles in public.Behind the scenes,they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standard-setters.Their rules,moan the banks,have forced them to report enormous losses,and it not fair.These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party w

48、ould pay,not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch。Unfortunately,banks lobbying now seems to be working.The details may be unknowable,but the independence of standard-setters,essential to the proper functioning of capital markets,is being compromised.And,unless banks carry toxic

49、 assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress,America s Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)rushed through rule changes.These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in re

50、cognizing losses on long0term assets in their income statement.Bob Herz,the FASB s chairman,cried out against those who“question our motives。”Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls“the use of judgment by management。”European ministers instantly demanded that