第6堂—非谓语动词12812.pdf

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1、 1 LECTURE 6 非谓语动词 本堂目标 熟悉非谓语动词的四种基本形式有其基本用法，重点掌握一些固定句型与结构中的动名词、同一动词（短语）后不定式和动名词比较、现在分词与动名词的区别。基础预习 非谓语动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当句子谓语成分的动词形式。基本形式有四种：不定式（infinitive）、动名词（gerund）、分词（participle）和独立主格结构。一、不定式 动词不定式是非谓语动词中使用最广泛的一种，在句子中，它除了不能作谓语外，可以担当其他任何成分，可以作主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和宾语补足语。它在句子中起名词、形容词和副词的作用。1不定式的时态与语态 动词不定式

2、由不定式符号 to+动词原形构成，但有时 to 也可以省略。动词不定式不仅具有主动与被动的形式，而且还有一般、进行和完成三种时态形式。一般时具有较鲜明的将来意义，所以常用来表示尚未发生的动作，这一点非常重要。进行式和完成式则分别表示正在进行的动作和先于谓语动词发生的动作。一般时 进行时 完成时 主动 to do to be doing to have done 被动 to be done to be being done to have been done【例 1】It isnt cold enough for there to be a frost tonight,so I can leav

3、e Jims car out quite safely.【点睛】从句子的意思来看，是今天夜里有霜冻，用不定式的一般式来表示将来的状态。【译文】今夜不会冷到上冻的程度，所以我可以放心地把吉姆的车停在外面。【例 2】He seems to be eating something.他好像在吃东西。According to your market report,demand seems to be returning.根据你方市场报道，需求似乎正在恢复。【例 3】(93-语法)The local health organization is reported to have been set up t

4、wenty-five years ago when Dr.Audio became its first president.【点睛】本句中，set up 的动作发生在 report 之前，这里表示过去的时间状语 twenty-five years ago 是修饰不定式，而不是修饰 is reported。所以，用不定式完成时表示先于谓语动词发生的动作。【译文】据说，这家当地的健康卫生组织是在 25 年前成立的，当时 Audio 医生担任其首任主席。2不定式的语法功能 动词不定式具备名词、形容词和副词三种词性，所以能充当的句子成分也很多。1）作主语 不定式结构作主语时，为避免头重脚轻，一般用 i

5、t 作形式主语。【例】(05-Text 2)Just as on smoking,voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete,that its OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.2【点睛】在第二个 that 后的句子中，it 作形式主语，不定式结构 to keep pouring作真正的主语。【译文】就像发生在吸烟的事情上一样，现在有来自很多地区的人的呼吁声坚

6、持有关全球变暖的科学研究不充分，他们坚持认为向大气中继续排放气体没有大碍，直到我们知道确切的原因。2）作宾语 以不定式直接作宾语的动词多为“同意、决定、试图、安排、保证、拒绝、喜欢、害怕、假装、申请”等含义的词。【例】Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates(patterns)into which they plug each days events.【点睛】此处不定式 to see 作谓语动词 learn 的宾语。【译文】很多新闻记者学会了用一套标准的模板(模式)去看待世界，并把每天

7、发生的事件插入这种模板。用 it 作形式宾语，而将其真实宾语不定式后置的动词多属“认为、判定、感觉”等含义的词，如 consider，feel，find，judge，make，think 等。【例】We consider it necessary to combine theory with practice.我们认为理论联系实际是必要的。He feels it his duty to help others.他觉得帮助别人是他的责任.She finds it difficult to contrive now that prices are rising every month.因为物价每月

8、上涨,所以使她觉得难以持家。Even when we forgive an enemy,we are very slow to trust him;we judge it to be imprudent to do so.我们即使原谅自己的敌人人，却不容易再信任他；因我们以为这样做是不明智的。3）作表语 不定式结构作表语，跟在系动词后面，说明主语的状态。【例】(04-Text 1)Instead,the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particul

9、ar database;when you get E-mail,consider it a reminder to check the database again.【点睛】此处不定式 to use.a particular database 作表语。【译文】因此，最好的办法就是将这个代理看作是一种提示器，使你手头总是有几个工作机会;收到电子邮件的时候，就当它是提醒你再去资料库里看一看。4）作定语 在下列名词/代词后常接动词不定式作定语：名词 例示 倾向：tendency His tendency to utter acrimonious remarks alienated his roomm

10、ates.他老是说话尖刻,使同寝室的人和他疏远了。能力：ability,capability We are not sure that he has the ability to pay.我们不确定塔有支付能力。同意：agreement，consent She was chosen by common consent to speak for the 3 group.大家一致同意她作选举人 决心、决定：decision,determination,resolution Tom made up the decision to go around world in three year all a

11、lone.汤姆下定决心三年独自一人周游世界。安排、意图：ambition,desire,arrangement,attempt,plan,promise,wish She has the ambition to learn other peoples language.她怀有学习其他民族语言的抱负。不定代词：something,anything,nothing I want something to eat.我想要点吃的。其他：failure,need,reason,right,pressure The pressure to compete causes Americans to be en

12、ergetic,but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.竞争的压力使美国人精力充沛，但也常令他们处于精神紧张的状态中。【例】(02-翻译)Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.【点睛】此处不定式结构 to solve.作 the only way 的定语。【译文】(如果)这些问题得

13、不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。5）作状语 不定式结构可以单独作状语，表示目的，经常以 in order to，so as to，suchas to 等形式出现。不定式结构单独作状语，还可表示结果。【例】(08-Text 3)The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years,and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit t

14、he growing numbers of bigger,longer frames.【点睛】不定式 to fit.作 adjust team uniforms 的目的状语。【译文】随着时间的推移，这些参加了主要的职业联赛的运动员的身体发生了巨变，管理层更愿意调整队服来适应日益增多的更高、更壮的运动员的需要。此外，only+to do 这一结构表示一种出乎意料或非主观愿望所希望的结果，该结构常常用逗号与前部分句子隔开。【例】1)He hurried to that house,only to find a empty house.他急忙赶到那所房子，却发现空无一人。2)A sad thing

15、about life is when you meet someone and fall in love,only to find out in the end that you have wasted years on someone who wasnt worth it.生活中一件悲哀的事情是，你遇见某人并陷入情网，到头来却发现你在某个根本不值得你爱的人身上浪费了数年的光阴。6）作补语 不定式结构作补语时需要注意，在使役动词与感观动词后，不定式符号 to 要省去，但在被动语态中 to 要补充出来。使役动词如 make,let,have 等，感观动词如 hear,see,feel,watch

16、,4 notice 等。【例】The man was seen to fall heavy to the ground and never come up again.【点睛】此句中，fall 前的不定式符号 to 不能省略，因为该不定式位于被动语态结构中。【译文】只见那人重重地摔在地上，再也没有起来。3不带 to 的动词不定式 情况 例示 在 do.but/except 结构中：当 but 或 except前有 do 的某种形式时,后接不带 to 的动词不定式。The train is late,and I can do nothing but wait.火车晚点了，我只能等。在 do fa

17、r more than 后面不定式省略 to In the course of a day students do far more than just attend classes.一天之中学生们要做的不仅是上课。在 had better,would rather/sooner than,ratherthan,would just as soon,might just as well,cannot(help)but 等之后都必须接动词原形。Tim cannot but ask his supervisor to help him solve the difficulty he has in

18、doing the project.蒂姆不得不请他的导师帮他解决在项目研究中碰到的困难。在感观动词或使役动词，如 hear,listen to,feel,see,look at,watch,notice,observe,perceive,let,make,bid,have,note,leave等后，动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to。She felt someone pat her on the head.她感到有人轻轻地拍了拍她的头。【补充拓展】在 there is no choice/alternative but 或 have no choice/alternative but 两句型中，

19、but 后接带 to 的动词不定式。例如：1)We will eventually have no choice but to make significant structural adjustments in the major retirement programs.我们最终别无选择，必须对几大退休制度做出重大的结构调整。2)That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but to call in the police.此事如此严重，我别无选择，只有报警。4“for+名（代）词+不定式”结构 由 for 加名词或代词宾格加不定式构成

20、的复合结构，在句中可以用作主语、表语、定语和目的状语。语法功能 例示 作主语 For a child to do that job is just inconceivable.让一个孩子做这项工作真是不可思议。=Its just inconceivable for a child to do that job.作表语 That is for you to decide.那个由你决定。作定语 Its time for us to go.我们该走了。作目的状语 He stood aside for her to pass.他靠边站让她过去。5 二、动名词 1动名词的时态与语态 动名词具有某些动词的

21、特征，因而有时态和语态的变化。时态有一般式和完成式，语态有一般被动式和完成被动式，列表如下：时态 语主动语态 被动语态 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 【例】(04-Text 1)Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.【点睛】句中的 working 和 having 为动名词一般式的主动语态。【译文】有一个个人搜索代理就等于有另外一双眼睛帮你巡视着外面的世界。【例】There w

22、as no sign that Mr Jospin,who keeps a firm control on the party despite having resigned from leadership of it,would intervene personally.【点睛】在 that 引导的宾语从句中，despite 为介词，其后要用动名词形式；而 resign 这一动作发生在 would intervene 之前。故应使用动名词的完成式 having resigned。【译文】没有迹象表明，尽管已经从领导岗位上退下来但仍然牢牢控制着该党的乔斯潘先生将会亲自出面干涉。【补充拓展】动名

23、词在 deserve,need,require,want,bear,take(需要),stand(需要、忍受)等动词及形容词worth 后时，常以主动语态来表示被动意义。除 take,stand,worth 外，以上动词后也可加不定式被动式，意思不变。例如：1）Your hair wants cutting.=Your hair wants to be cut.你的头发需要理了。2）This method deserves recommending.=This method deserves to be recommended.这个方法值得推荐。3）That novel is not wort

24、h reading.那部小说不值得一读。2动名词的语法功能 1）作主语 有时动名词直接放在主语的位置，有时用 it 作形式主语，真正的主语动名词放在谓语之后，这种用法一般出现在 It is no use(good)doing sth.或 It is worthwhile doing sth.这样的习惯表达法中。【例】(01-翻译)And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological d

25、isorder kitchen rage.【点睛】that 引导结果状语从句，从句的主语为动名词短语 controlling and operating them。【译文】家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们将会引发一种新的心理疾病厨房狂躁症。2）作动词宾语 表示“承认、否认、喜欢、厌恶、禁止、赞成、反对、继续、停止、完成、错过、容忍、6 延缓、考虑、建议”等含义的动词，常要求动名词作宾语。【例】(08-Text 3)The trend in sports,though,may be obscuring an unrecognized reality:Americans have

26、generally stopped growing.【点睛】动名词 growing 作 stopped 的宾语。【译文】然而，体育领域的这种趋势或许掩盖了这样一个没有被认识的事实：总的来说，美国人的身高已经停止了增长。3）作介词宾语【例】(03-Text 3)Its a theory to which many economists subscribe,but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail

27、.【点睛】动名词 determining.作介词 of 的宾语。【译文】经济学家对这种理论表示同意，但实际上常常要由铁路部门去决定哪些公司赢利，哪些公司亏损。4）作表语 作为名词性的表语，动名词总是与主语存在对等关系，即说明主语的具体内容。实际上，有两种不同性质的表语，一种说明主语“是什么”，往往用名词或名词性结构表示；另一种说明主语“怎么样”，通常用形容词性的词语充当。【例】1)Wasting time is robbing oneself.浪费时间就是掠夺自己。2)The high cost of raw materials is keeping prices up.原料费用昂贵使得产品价

28、格居高不下.3)Our work is serving the people我们的工作是为人民服务。4)His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.他最后的胜利正如我当初预料的那样。5）作定语 动名词作定语是一种特殊的定语，只说明所修饰名词的用途。如：dining hall(餐厅)，teaching facilities(教学设施)等。【例】(98-翻译)Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and b

29、alloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures,and may report their findings soon.【点睛】动名词短语 working with.作定语，修饰 Astrophysicists。【译文】天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。3动名词的逻辑主语 动名词用物主代词或名词所有格表示它的逻辑主语，一般有如下规则：具体情况 例示 逻辑主语是有生命名词时，用名词或代词所有格（作主语时，其逻辑主语只用所有格，若作宾语，逻辑主语也可用通格）。1)Ma

30、rys coming home is a great pleasure to her family,especially to her parents.玛丽的归来使她家人尤其是她父母非常高兴。2)Mother disliked me(/my)working late.母亲不喜欢我工作到很晚。逻辑主语是无生命名词或抽象概念名词时，只用通格。1)She is fond of coffee being served after dinner.她喜欢饭后喝点咖啡。7 2)Is there any hope of our team winning the match?我们队有希望获胜吗？逻辑主语是以 s

31、 结尾的名词或是一个以上名词构成的词组，只用通格。1)The glory of the marshal counts on many soldiers dying on the battlefield.一将成名万骨枯。2)It is quite unexpected the students finishing the exam so soon.学生们这么快就答完考卷，是十分出乎意料的。逻辑主语是数词、指示代词或不定 代 词this,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone 时，一般用通格。He was awakened by someb

32、ody shouting outside.他被外边吵闹的人唤醒。【补充拓展】1）excuse,forgive,pardon,prevent 之后不能直接跟动名词作宾语，只能跟带有逻辑主语的动名词结构。例如：“Excuse my troubling you again,”he said,“May I walk along with you a little way?”他说：“抱歉又来麻烦你，我可以和你一起走一段路吗?”2）动名词的逻辑主语用作介词 with 的宾语时，应该用通格。例如：He felt lonely with his wife being dead.他妻子死后他感到孤独。4动名词的

33、复合结构 名词属格或物主代词后加动名词，即构成动名词复合结构。具体情况 例示 结构用作主语 1)phias having seen them did not surprise us.索菲亚看见了他们，并没有使我们感到惊讶。2)s no use your trying to deceive me.你想骗我是没有用的。合结构用作宾语 1)ant bear his staying up so late.他睡得这么晚，我受不了。2)cuse my interrupting you.请原谅我打断你的话。名词复合结构用作宾语时，其名词多用通格。1)hate people being unhappy.我不愿

34、人们不快乐。2)am not in favour of mother selling the old house.我不赞同母亲卖掉老房子。三、分词 1分词的种类、构成及特征 分词是非谓语动词的形式之一，分为两种：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词的形式是“动词原形+ing”；规则动词的过去分词形式是“动词原形+ed”。与动词不定式和动名词一样，分词也具有动词的特征，有时态和语态的变化，并可带状语和宾语等。分词的否定式直接在分词前加 not。【例】(05-Text 3)Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night,progres

35、sing toward happier ones before awakening,suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.【点睛】两个现在分词结构 progressing.和 suggesting.作伴随状语；过去分词结构 generated 8 during the day 作 feelings 的后置定语。【译文】大多数人似乎在晚上入睡的较早阶段做不好的梦，而在快醒前做的梦会令人开心一些，这说明人们在梦里渐渐克服了白天产生的负面情绪。2现在分词与过去分词的区别

36、区别 例示 从语态角度讲：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。1)What he said was very touching.他说的话非常感人。（表主动）2)I was touched by the sight.我被这景象深深地打动了。（表被动）从时态角度讲：现在分词表动作正在进行，过去分词表动作的完成。1)falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子；fallen leaves地上的落叶 2)the rising sun 正在升起的太阳；the risen sun升起了的太阳 3)developing countries 发展中国家；developed countries 发达国家 【例】(0

37、7-Text 1)This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined,led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.【点睛】句子主语 this success 和 later research 与 show 之间为主动关系，故此处的非谓语动词采用现在分词形式 showing。【译文】这次成

38、功以及后来的研究，都证明记忆本身并不是遗传的，埃瑞森也由此得出结论，认为记忆主要是一种认知训练，而不是一种直觉。【例】(01-Part B)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots,and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.【点睛】television chat shows 与 host 之间为动宾关系，故要用含被动意义的过去分词 hosted作 television chat shows 的后置定语。【译文】届时，将出现由机器

39、人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。3分词的语法功能 分词主要起到形容词和副词作用，可以在句中作定语、表语、状语，有时也可以用作宾语补足语。1）作定语 具体情况 例示 单个分词作定语，一般放在被修饰的名词前。1)ue skies are not always a guarantee of continuing fine weather.蔚蓝的天空并不能总会保证天气持续良好。9 2)Adam and Eve were induced to eat the Forbidden Fruit by Satan.亚当和夏娃受魔鬼的引诱偷吃了禁果

40、。分词短语作定语，只能放在被修饰的名词后，如given,left 等词。1)A man getting up as soon as the cock crows is a hard-working man.鸡鸣就起的人一个勤奋的人。2)Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists from South Africa.许多受邀参加晚会的人都是一些著名的来自南美的科学家。对something,anything等不定代词进行修饰的分词也要放在所修饰的词的后面。There is nothing interesting in

41、 his lecture.在他的讲课中没有有趣的东西。as 可以引导分词短语作后置定语。1)The guests as arriving today are from Canada.今天到的客人来自加拿大。2)Her ability as displayed in those years is praised by all.她在那些年里表现出来的才干瘦到众人的称赞。【补充拓展】1现在分词和动名词作前置定语的区别：分词作定语，其动作的逻辑主语是它所修饰的词，如：a sleeping baby 熟睡的婴儿；动名词作定语，表示所修饰词的用途，如：a sleeping car 卧车。2现在分词与过去分

42、词作定语的区别：一般来讲，及物动词的现在分词形式修饰事物，过去分词形式修饰人。例：1)When they heard the exciting news,they got excited.Then the excited people shouted loudly and cheered.当他们听到这一激动人心的消息时，他们变得激动起来。然后这些激动的人们大声地叫喊、欢呼。2)a surprising result 一个惊人的结果 surprised girls 吃惊的姑娘们 3)tiring music 烦人的音乐 a tired man 一个疲倦的人 【例】There was a very

43、 interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.【点睛】现在分词 interesting 作定语，修饰表示物的 remark。【译文】我最近读了一本英国人写的书，这本书中有一段很有趣的评论。该评论阐述了他对这种美国特点形成原因的看法。2）作状语 分词短语可作时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、伴随等状语使用。状语 例示 时间 While playing the piano,sh

44、e got very excited.当她在弹钢琴时，她变得十分激动。Once seen,it can be never forgotten.一旦被看见，它将永远不会被遗忘。原因 Not recognizing the voice,he refused to give the person his address.因为没听见那个人的声音，他没把自己的地址给他。Greatly moved by the hero,the little boy decided to study harder.由于被英雄人物深深 10 地感动，小男孩决心更加努力地学习。条件 Turning to the right,

45、you will find a path leading to his cottage.向右转弯，你就可以找到一条通到他的别墅的小路。Given more water,the fish couldnt die.如果多给些水，这些鱼就不会死。让步 Although working from morning till night,his father didnt get enough money for the house loan.虽然他父亲从早到晚地工作，可挣的钱还是不够还房屋贷款。Even though defeated again,the scientists didnt give up.

46、尽管又失败了，可科学家并没有放弃。结果 The universities have expanded,thus allowing many more people the chance of higher education.大学扩招了，这样就能使更多的人有机会接受高等教育。The suitcase was locked,left to Tom.箱子锁上了，为了留给汤姆。伴随 They came into the classroom,singing and laughing.他们说说笑笑地走进教室。He hurried to the hall,followed by two guards.他快

47、步走进大厅，身后跟着两个卫兵。方式 He came running into the room.他跑进屋来。Seen from the spaceship,the earth is a blue planet.从飞船上看，地球是个蓝色的星球。【例】(04-Text 1)Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise.【点睛】句中的

48、现在分词结构 negotiating.作原因状语。【译文】有的人通过它们密切关注着市场对自己这个职业的需求，或者搜集信息，以便在与老板谈工资的时候有些底气。3）作表语 分类 功能 例示 现在分词 现在分词作表语时，一般表示比较抽象的习惯性动作或主语所具有的特征 His hobby is painting.他的爱好是绘画。The game is very exciting.这场比赛很紧张。Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣，但是使人疲劳。过去分词 过去分词作表语时，一般表示被动或主语所处的状态。They are satisfied with th

49、eir present job.他们对现在的工作很满意。The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。【补充拓展】1一些现在分词在作表语时起到了形容词的作用，一般表示主动或主语的性质和特征。含有“令人”的含义。主语多数情况下是物，而这样的现在分词是由某种能够表示人们某种感情和情绪的动词变化而来的。常见的词语例如：amusing 有趣的，astonishing 惊异的，boring 令人讨厌的，inspiring 鼓舞人心的，promising 有希望的，puzzling 令人

50、迷惑的，surprising 令人惊讶的，等等。1)The news sounds encouraging.这个消息听起来令人鼓舞。2)The film is interesting and moving.这个电影有趣且感人。2常用来作表语的不及物动词有下列这些单词：11 arrived 到了的，amused 开心的、好玩的，astonished 惊讶的，crowed 拥挤的，educated 受过教育的，excited 兴奋的，fallen 落下的，finished 完成的，gone 过去的、消失的，injured受伤的，interested 感兴趣的，known 有名的，learned 有