高一英语语法归纳总结37238.pdf

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1、-高一英语语法归纳总结-定语从句的归纳 一几个根本概念 1.定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。3.定语从句的位置：紧跟先行词名词或代词之后。4.引导词：引导定语从句的词包括关系代词和关系副词。1关系代词：that/who/whom/which/as 2关系副词：when/where/why 5.引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前先行词之后。【as 除外】6.引导词的功能作用：1连接先行词和定语从句。2在定语从句中充当一定的成分关系代词充当主语或宾语，关系副词充当状语。7.定语从句的类型：1限定性定语从句主句和定语从句之间无逗号。直接由引导词引导定语

2、从句 The man who youre talking to is my friend.由介词+关系代词whom/which引导 The man to whom youre talking is my friend.I need a pen with which I can write a letter.=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如：The man(who/whom/that)I talked about at the

3、meeting is from Beijing University.=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.The palace(which/that)I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.2非限定性定语从句主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开。直接由引导词引导定语从句。由介词+关系代词who

4、m/which引导。I live in a house far away from the city,in front of which is a big tree.There is an apple tree standing at the gate,on which are many apples.This is the man to whom I gave the book.由“代词/名词+of+whom/which或“of which/whom+名词/代词(先行词指 人用 whom,指物用 which)引导。One,some,any,none,all,both,several,many

5、,most,neither,either 等词、数词、分数或百分比与 of whom 或 of which 连用。He has five children,two of whom are abroad.(比拟：He has five children,and two of them are abroad.)We have three books,none of which is/are interesting.(比拟：We have three books,but none of them is/are interesting.)除 why 和 that 不能引导非限定性定语从句外，其余引导词

6、都可以，用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。2.非限定性定语从句的作用：它只是补充说明先行词的情况，翻译时可译成两个句子。The engineer,whose leg was badly hurt,was quickly sent to hospital.-那位工程师被很快送往医院，其腿部受了重伤 The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital.那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院 3.在非限定性定语从句中，任何引导词都不能省略 包括引导词在此定语从句中

7、充当宾语在内。指人做主语时只能用 who,做宾语时用 whom;指物做主语，宾语都用 which;关系副词用 when 或 where，也不能省略。The man,_ is sitting on the chair,is my father.The woman,_ I met yesterday,is my English teacher.The city,_ is far away,is very beautiful.He went to America,_ his parents live.He joined the Army yesterday,_ I left,too.4.whose

8、引导非限定性定语从句：The house,whose window faces south,is mine.=The house,the window of which faces south,is mine.The house,of which the window faces south,is mine.二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的根本用法。1.who/that 指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的主语，不能省略。Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there 2.whom/who/that 指人是宾格，在定语从句中

9、代替先行词，又作定语从句的宾语动宾或介宾。当作动宾动词后接宾语时，关系代词可省略。Do you know the gentleman(whom/who/that)we met just now 当作介宾介词后接宾语时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用 whom)。The man(whom/who/that)I spoke with is my teacher.The man with whom I spoke is my teacher.注：固定的动词短语动词+介词如 look for,take care of 等不能把动词

10、与介词拆开，既介词不能提至引导词前。She is the right girl(who/whom/that)we are looking for.3.whose:指人或物，是所有格“的形式。Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语动宾或介宾即先行词的什么东西怎样了，whose 不能省略。Whose+n.=the+n.+of which/whom=of which/whom+the=n.I didnt find the desk whose leg was broken.主语 He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday.动宾 The b

11、oss in whose pany I work is very kind.介宾 4.which/that 指物，指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语动宾或介宾。当作动宾时，关系代词可省略。当作介宾时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用 which)。The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak.The pen(which/that)you found yesterday is mine.The games(that/which)the young

12、men peted in were difficult.-The games in which the young men peted were difficult.注:介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用 whom，指物用 which)。5.as 指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语，宾语，表语或状语，不能省略。主要用于“the same as；such as；so as；as as；as follows固定构造中，形式固定此时的引导限定性定语从句。要用 as 代替 who(m),which,或 that 引导定语从句：Such people as knew Hill thou

13、ght he was honest.Such people as Hill knew thought he was honest.My hometown is no longer the same as it was.Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.The child knows as much as grow-ups(know).Id like to have the same books as are used in your school.He is not such a person as I e*pected.He will mar

14、ry as pretty a girl as he can find.注：which 和 as 可引导非限定性定语从句：可以指代主句中的一局部或整个句子的内容，which和as都可以指代主句中的一局部或整个句子的内容，有时可以互换。因此，当as/which指代前面的整个句子，或前句中的局部内容作定语从句的主语时，谓语用单数 Our team lost the game,as/which was reported in the newspaper.She was terrified,as/which I could see from her eyes.He married her,as/whic

15、h was natural.区别：as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾；而 which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。He married her,as/which was natural.=As was natural,he married her.Mark Twin is a great writer,which/as is known to all.=As is known to all,Mark Twin is a great writer.as 引导的从句有“正如、“正像之意，而 which 则无此意。常用句型有：as we all kno

16、w,as is known to all,as everybody can see,as is e*pected,As is known/said/reported/told/we all know 等。如：As we all know,paper was first made in China.To shut your eyes to facts,as many of you do,is foolish.主句和从句有因果关系时，用 which.Our class has won the football match,which made us very happy.Bamboos are h

17、ollow,which makes them very light.从句含否认意义时常用 which.She didnt pass the e*am,which we couldnt e*pect.She didnt pass the e*am,as we e*pected.6.when 关系副词：指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语，不能省略。此时的 when 还可用介词+which 替换此时先行词一定是表时间的名词。I still remember the time when I joined the League.I still remember the time on which I joi

18、ned the League.I still remember the time(which/that)I joined the League on.7.where 关系副词：指地点。在定语从句中作地点状语，不能省略。此时的 when 还可用介词+which 替换此时先行词一定是表地点的名词。-I still remember the school where I joined the League.I still remember the school in which I joined the League.I still remember the school(which/that)I

19、joined the League in.注：对关系副词 when,where 的认识。.先行词是时间的名词，并非都用关系副词 when 引导定语从句。Ill never forget the time(which/that)I spent in Beijing.先行词是地点的名词，并非都用关系副词 where 引导定语从句。This is the factory(which/that)he visited yesterday.当句型为 It/This/That is(was)the first(secondlast)time 引起的句子时用 that连接其后的句子。此时的 time 是次数，

20、不是时间。It/This is the first time that we travel.It/This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.8.why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，先行词通常为 reason,不能省略。且 why 引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。Why=for which I dont know the reason why he was late yesterday.The reason why(for which)he was late is that he missed the bus.注：领先行词为

21、 reason 时，关系副词并非都用 why。This is the reason(that/which)he gave/e*plained to us.【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。试比拟：I will never forget the day(which/that)I spent in Hongkong.(spent 是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略)I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland.从句主谓宾

22、构造完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词 The reason that/whichhe gave for not ing to school yesterday isnt believable.(gave 是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略)The reason why he didnt e to school yesterday isnt believable.从句主谓宾构造完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词 三.值得注意的几个问题：第一.领先行词是物时，关系代词(that/which)只用 that 的情况。1.领先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。This

23、is the best film that has been shown this year.This is the first book(that)I borrow from the library.He is the first student that/who came to school today.2.领先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时。He talked about the teachers and the school(that)he had visited.3.领先行词本身是 all 的，用 that。(all that=what)All that(what)I wa

24、nt to say to you is“Thank you.=All(what)I want to say to you is“Thank you.Go over all that(what)we learned.=Go over all(what)we learned.that 在定语从句中充当宾语可以省略 4.先行词为 something,anything,nothing,everything,thing 时，用 that.Ill tell you anything(that)I know.5.领先行词前有 all,much,little,many,(a)few,every,some,an

25、y,no,only,the-very,one of,the only,the last,the ne*t 等修饰语时。This is one of the books(that)Im very interesting in.This is one of the books in which Im very interesting.This is the only book(that)I read.He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.All the glasses that were on the table f

26、ell off onto the floor.6.人，物，领先行词在以 who 或 which 开头的特殊疑问句中时，用 that 引导以防止混淆 Who is the man that is talking with the lady Which of you that know the answer can e to the front 7.领先行词是在定语从句中作表语时，用 that He likes the girl that she used to be.第二.领先行词是物时，关系代词(that/which)只用 which 的情况。1.作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时 The room

27、 in which he lives is very large.2.引导非限定性定语从句时主，宾都用 which,都不能省略 Football,which is a very interesting game,is played all over the world.The house,which I visited yesterday,is very large.3.which 指整个句子的内容或局部内容，引导非限定性定语从句 He always makes fun of me,which upsets me.第三.其他特殊情况 1.先行词是 these,those 指人时，关系代词只用

28、who.Those who are playing over there are my students.2.先行词是人称代词(he,she)时，关系代词只用 who.He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.3.不定代词 someone,anyone,everyone,no one,somebody,anybody,everybody 作先行词时，关系代词用 who.Anybody who breaks the rules would be punished.4.先行词是 the only one of+可数名词复数，在定语从句

29、中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用单数形式因为此时的先行词是 the only one,而不是 of 后的可数名词复数 He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.This is the only one of the books that is borrowed.先行词是 one of+可数名词复数，在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用复数形式因为此时的先行词是 of 后的可数名词复数,而不是 one This is one of the students who are late.5.当主句缺先行词时，用 the

30、one 代替，但须注意：the one 只能代替可数名词单数如为不可数名词时，指什么用什么 Is this school the one I visited yesterday Is pop music the music he likes best 6.领先行词是 the way,在定语从句中充当方式状语时 the way 表以方式方法，引导词通常用 that 或省略，也可用 in which I dont like the way(that)you speak.=I dont like the way in which you speak.=I dont like the way(whic

31、h/that)you speak in.【“介词+关系代词十种情况】-在定语从句中，介词+关系代词构造是一种较为复杂的问题。现就几种常见的介词+关系代词的构造浅析如下：1 介词+which在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when,where和 why。如：I still remember the day on which(when)I first came to school.我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。The factory in which(=where)I work is a large one.我工作的工厂是一个大工厂。This is the reason f

32、or which(=why)he was late.这就是他为什么迟到的原因。2介词+which指物/whom指人在定语从句中作地点状语，表示存在关系，定语从句主谓一般要倒置。They arrived at a farmhouse,in front of which sat a small boy.他来到一处农舍，前边坐着一个小男孩。I saw a man,on the head of whom stood a bird.我看见一个人，他的头上站着一只鸟。3介词+which指物/whom指人在定语从句中作目的、方式或地点状语。这种构造中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词所制约。如：Could yo

33、u tell me for whom youve bought this coat你能告诉我这件衣服是给谁买的吗？The man,from whom I learned the news,is an engineer.这人是一位工程师，我是从他那里得到这消息的。4介词+which/whom，用于被动构造的定语从句中，作状语，说明动作的出发者。如：The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot.伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter.打死狼的那人是个好猎手。5不

34、定代词+of+which/whom，在定语从句中作主语，说明整体中的局部，常用的不定代词有：both,all,any,some,each,none,most 等。如：There are a lot of books here,none of which belongs to me.这儿有许多书，可一本也不属于我。Yesterday Mary bought a few clothes,all of which were e*pensive.昨天玛丽买了一些衣服，他们都很贵。6数词+of+which/whom，在定语从句中作主语，说明整体与局部的关系。数词可以是基数词、序数词、分数或百分数。如：I

35、n our class there are fifty-four students,twenty-five of whom are girls.我们班有 54 名学生，25 人是女生。Two watches were stolen,one of which was mine.两只手表被偷了，其中一只是我的。7名词+of+which 代替 whose+名词，在定语从句中作定语。如：I saw some trees,the leaves of which(=whose leaves)were black with disease.我看见一些树，他们的叶子因害病而发黑。I live in a hou

36、se,the windows of which are all broken.我住在一所房子里，其窗都破了。8介词+which指物/whose指人修饰后边的名词。如：It rained all night and all day,during which time the ship was broken into pieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在这期间轮船撞碎了。The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司机就是那个人，她从他的房间偷走地图。9形容词最高级+of+which/whom 构造，在定语从句中，作定

37、语，表局部关系。如：China has thousands of islands,the largest of which is Taiwan.中国有成千上万个-岛屿，其中最大的是*岛。In our class there are twenty girls,the cleverest of whom is Li Hua.我们班有 20名女生，最聪明的是李华。10介词+which+不定式。此种用法多见于正式文体中，相当于一个定语从句。如：At last he had something about which to write home.他终于有了给家里写信的内容了。He had no key

38、with which to open the door.他没有开门的钥匙。He has a small room in which to live.【运用定语从句时应注意的几个问题】1 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词应和先行词的人称和数保持一致。This is one of the books which were written by Mark Twain.这是马克吐温所写的书中的一本。先行词是 books，因此动词应用 were。2 关系代词或关系副词在从句中充当一个句子成分，因此要注意防止从句中句子成分的重复出现。This is the most beautiful p

39、lace that I have visited it.This is the most beautiful place that I have visited.这是我参观过的最美的地方。去掉 it，因 that 代替先行词 the most beautiful place 在定语从句中作 visit 的宾语，再加 it 就多余了。The school where I worked there is a big one.The school where I worked is a big one.我所工作过的学校是一所大学校。去掉 there，因 where 既引导定语从句，又在从句中代替 i

40、n the school 作状语。3 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不可省略。The books were on the table were given to you.The books that were on the table were given to you.桌上的那些书是给你的。关系代词 that 作主语不能省 4“one of the+复数名词后的定语从句中谓语动词的单复数情况。“one of the+复数名词时，复数名词是先行词，所以谓语动词常用复数形式。如果“one of the+复数名词前面有 the very/only 等修饰语，则谓语动词用单数形式，因为先行词是，而不是

41、复数名词。如：He is the only one of the students who speaks Japanese in our class.他是我们班唯一说日语的学生。the only one 是先行词 He is one of the students who speaks Japanese in our class.他是我们班里说日语的学生之一。students 是先行词 5 定语从句中 who 和 whom 的选用。关系代词 who/whom 引导定语从句时，作主语用主格 who，作宾语用宾格 whom。在其引导的定语从句带有插入语，而又不用逗号分开时，要用 who。Mary

42、is a girl who I think is clever.在定语从句 who I think is clever 中,I think 是插入语，去掉后 Mary is a girl who is clever 是一个完整的句子，who 是定语从句的主语，不能用 whom 替换。但下面的句子，情况就不同了：Mary is a girl whom I think to be clever.在定语从句 whom I think to be clever 中，如把 I think 看作插入语而去掉，则剩下的局部 Mary is a girl whom to be clever 很明显不是一个完整

43、的句子构造，所以 I think 不能被看作是插入语，而是定语从句在的主谓构造，whom 作 think 的宾语，to be clever 是 whom 的宾补。6 定语从句中关系代词或关系副词的选择取决于它们在从句中所充当的句子成分。如作主-语和宾语用关系代词；作状语，用关系副词。Ill never forget the day when I went abroad myself.when 在从句中代替时间状语on the day，此句可分解为 Ill never forget the day.I went abroad myself on the day.Ill never forget the days that we spent together.that 代替 the days，在从句中作 spent 的宾语，该句可分解为 I ll never forget the days.We spent the days together.