2018年考研英语(二)真题43920.pdf

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1、2018 年考研英语二真题 Section Use of English Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful?Because humans have an inherent n

2、eed to _1_ uncertainty,according to a recent study in Psychological Science.The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will_2_ to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will_ 3 _.In a series of four experiments,behavioral scientists at the University of

3、 Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested Students willingness to _4 _themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity.For one _5 _,each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment.The twist?Half of the pens would _6 _

4、an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told with pens were electrified,another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified._7_ left alone in the room.The students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students w

5、ho knew what would _8_ subsequent experiments reproduced,this effect with other stimuli _9_ the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to_10_ is deeply rooted in humans.Much the same as the basic drives for _11_ or shelter,says Christopher Hsee of the Un

6、iversity of Chicago Curiosity is often considered a good instinctit can _12_ New Scientific advances,for instancebut sometimes such _13_ can backfire,the insight that curiosity can drive you to do _14_ things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to _15_,however.in a final experiment,par

7、ticipants who were encouraged to _16_ how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to _17_ to see such an image.These results suggest that imagining the _18_ of following through on ones curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor.Thinking about

8、 long-term _20_ is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity.Hsee says.“in other words,dont read online comments”.1.A protect B resolve C discuss D ignore 2.Arefuse Bwait C regret D seek 3.A hurt Blast C mislead D rise 4.Aalert B tie C treat D expose 5.A message B review C trial Dco

9、ncept 6.Aremove B weaken C interrupt D deliver 7.A When BIf C Though D Unless 8.A continue B happen C disappear D change 9.A rather than B regardless of C such as Dowing to 10.A discover Bforgive C forget D disagree 11.Apay B marriage C schooling D food 12.A lead to Brest on C learn from D begin wit

10、h 13.A withdrawal B persistence C inquiry Ddiligence 14.A self-reliant B self-deceptive C self-evident Dself-destructive 15.A define B resist C replace D trace 16.A overlook B predict C design D conceal 17.A remember B promise C choose Dpretend 18.Arelief B plan C duty D outcome 19.A why B whether C

11、 where D how 20.A consequences Binvestments C strategies D limitations Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1 It is curious that Stephen Kozia

12、tek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr.Koziatek is part of something pioneering.He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization,but practical.When did it become acc

13、epted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike chain?As Koziatek know,there is learning in just about everything.Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with

14、generations of discarded chewing gum.They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But hes also found a kind of insidious prejudice.Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority.School in the family of vocational education“have that stereotype.that its for kids who cant make

15、 it academically,”he says.On one hand,that viewpoint is a logical product of Americas evolution.Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was.The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated.More education is the new principle.We want more

16、 for our kids,and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelors degrees for alland the subtle devaluing of anything lessmisses an important point:Thats not the only thing the American economy needs.Yes,a bachelors degree opens more doors.But even now,54 percent of the jobs in the country are mi

17、ddle-skill jobs,such as construction and high-skill manufacturing.But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words,at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head,frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing,one obvious solu

18、tion is staring us in the face.There is a gap in working-class jobs,but the workers who need those jobs most arent equipped to do them.Koziateks Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziateks school is a wake-up call.When education becomes one-size-fits-all,it risks

19、 overlooking a nations diversity of gifts.21.A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students lack of.Apractical ability B academic training Cpioneering spirit Dmechanical memorization 22.There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.Ahave a stereotyped mind Bhave no career m

20、otivation C are not academically successful D are financially disadvantaged 23.we can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.A used to have big financial concerns B used to have more job opportunities C are reluctant to work in manufacturing D are entitled to more educational privileges 2

21、4.The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.Ahelps create a lot of middle-skill jobs Bmay narrow the gap in working-class jobs C is expected to yield a better-trained workforce D indicates the overvaluing of higher education 25.The authors attitude toward Koziateks school can be described as.

22、A supportive B tolerant C disappointed D cautious Text 2 While fossil fuelscoal，oil，gasstill generate roughly 85 percent of the worlds energy supply,its clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar.The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the worl

23、d：They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources.But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables，especially wind and solar.The cost of solar pan

24、els has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source.In Scotland，for example，wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes.While the rest of t

25、he world takes the lead，notably China and Europe，the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift.In March，for the first time，wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US，reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined f

26、ossil fuelsespecially coalas the path to economic growth.In a recent speech in Iowa，he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source.But that message did not play well with many in Iowa，where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the states electricity generationand where tech

27、 giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question“what happens when the wind doesnt blow or the sun doesnt shine?”has provided a quick put-down for skeptics.But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability

28、to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers，who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles.Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now,this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.Whil

29、e theres a long way to go，the trend lines for renewables are spiking.The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding upperhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change.What Washington doesor doesnt doto promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time

30、 of a global shift in thought.26.The word“plummeting”(Line 3，Para.2)is closest in meaning to.Astabilizing Bchanging Cfalling Drising 27.According to Paragraph 3，the use of renewable energy in America.Ais progressing notably Bis as extensive as in Europe Cfaces many challenges Dhas proved to be impra

31、ctical 28.It can be learned that in Iowa,.Awind is a widely used energy source Bwind energy has replaced fossil fuels Ctech giants are investing in clean energy Dthere is a shortage of clean energy supply 29.Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6?AIts applicati

32、on has boosted battery storage.BIt is commonly used in car manufacturing.CIts continuous supply is becoming a reality.DIts sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy.Awill bring the US closer to other countries Bwill accelerate

33、global environmental change Cis not really encouraged by the US government Dis not competitive enough with regard to its cost Text 3 The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishingAmazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for$13.5bn，b

34、ut two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service，which doesnt have any physical product at all.What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then

35、that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities，but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through.Even without knowing what was in the messages，the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be.What political journalist，what party whip，

36、would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa Mays enemies are currently plotting?It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns,but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to ad

37、dress these imbalances of power.But it is clumsy.For one thing,it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy.By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace,to be replaced by new abuses of power.But there is a deeper conceptua

38、l problem,too.Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services dont pay for them.The users of their services are not their customers.That would be the people who buy advertising from themand Facebook and

39、Google，the two virtual giants，dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product theyre selling is data，and we，the users，convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants.Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the hone

40、ydew they produce when they feed,so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield.Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed;Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes.It doesnt feel like a human or democratic relationship，even if both sides benefit.31.According to Pa

41、ragraph 1,Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its.Adigital products Buser information Cphysical assets Dquality service 32.Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may.Aworsen political disputes Bmess up customer records Cpose a risk to Facebook users Dmislead the European commission 33.According to

42、the author,competition law.Ashould serve the new market powers Bmay worsen the economic imbalance Cshould not provide just one legal solution Dcannot keep pace with the changing market 34.Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because.Athey are not defined as cust

43、omers Bthey are not financially reliable Cthe services are generally digital Dthe services are paid for by advertisers 35.The ants analogy is used to illustrate.Aa win-win business model between digital giants Ba typical competition pattern among digital giants Cthe benefits provided for digital gia

44、nts customers Dthe relationship between digital giants and their users Text 4 To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy,Cal Newport,author of Deep work:Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World,recommends building a habit of“deep work”the ability to focus without distraction.There

45、are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep workbe it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual;or taking a“journalistic”approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day.Whichever approach,the key is to determine your length of focus

46、time and stick to it.Newport also recommends“deep scheduling”to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time.“At any given point,I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month.Once on the calendar I protect this time like I would a doctors appointment or important meeti

47、ng”,he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your dayin particular how we craft our to-do lists.Tim Harford,author of Messy:The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives,points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two grou

48、ps:some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities;others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail,day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks,they were wrong:the detail

49、ed daily plans demotivated students.Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective,while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy.we also need to embrace downtime,or as Newport

50、 suggests,“be lazy.”“Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice;it is as indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body.idlenessis,paradoxically,necessary to getting any work done,”he argues.Srini Pillay,an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School,believes this