高中英语真题-高中英语Unit1GreatScientistsCopernicus素材新人教版必修512082.pdf

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1、 高中英语真题:高中英语Unit1GreatScientistsCopernicus 素材新人教版必修 5 Polish name:Mikolaj Kopernik.Polish astronomer and mathematician who,as a student,studied canon law,mathematics,and medicine at Cracow,Bologna,Rome,Padua,and.Copernicus became interested in astronomy and published an early description of his heli

2、ocentric model of the solar system in Commentariolus(1512).In this model,the sun was actually not exactly the center of the solar system,but was slightly offset from the center using a device invented by Ptolemy known as the equant point.The idea that the Sun was the center of the solar system was n

3、ot new(similar theories had been proposed by Aristarchus and Nicholas of Cusa),but Copernicus also worked out his system in full mathematical detail.Even though the mathematics in his description was not any simpler than Ptolemys,it required fewer basic assumptions.By postulating only the rotation o

4、f the Earth,revolution about the sun,and tilt of Earths rotational axis,Copernicus could explain the observed motion of the heavens.However,because Copernicus retained circular orbits,his system required the inclusion of epicycles.Unfortunately,out of fear that his ideas might get him into trouble w

5、ith the church,Copernicus delayed publication of them.In 1539,Copernicus took on Rheticus as a student and handed over his manuscript to him to write a popularization of the heliocentric theory,published as Narratio Prima in 1540.Shortly before his death,Rheticus convinced Copernicus to allow public

6、ation of his original manuscript,and De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium was published in 1543.Copernicus proposed his theory as a true description,not just a theory to save appearances.Unlike Buridan and Oresme,he did not think that any theory which saved appearances was valid,instead believing tha

7、t there could only be a single true theory.When the work was published,however,Andreas Osiander added an unauthorized preface stating that the content was merely a device to simplify calculations.Copernicus adapted physics to the demands of astronomy,believing that the principles of Ptolemys system

8、were incorrect,not the math or observations.He was the first person in history to create a complete and general system,combining mathematics,physics,and cosmology.(Ptolemy,for instance,had treated each planet separately.)Copernicuss system was taught in some universities in the 1500s but had not per

9、meated the academic world until approximately 1600.Some people,among whom John Donne and William Shakespeare were the most influential,feared Copernicuss theory,feeling that it destroyed hierarchal natural order which would in turn destroy social order and bring about chaos.Indeed,some people(such a

10、s Bruno),used Copernicuss theory to justify radical theological views.Before Copernicus formulated his theory of the solar system,astronomy in Europe had stagnated.After the Almagest had been translated into Latin,European astronomers such as the Austrian mathematician Georg von Peurbach and the Ger

11、man astronomer Regiomontanus proposed no new theories,attempting instead to refine the flawed system already laid out by Ptolemy.The astronomy textbook used for teaching was still The Sphere,the same book that had been in use since the 1200s.Rather than formulating new theories,astronomers had busie

12、d themselves in saving appearances,which consisted of trying to patch it up Ptolemys cumbersome and inaccurate model.Copernicus,however,wiped the slate clean in a single broad stroke,and proposed a fundamentally different model in which the planets all circled the Sun in De Revolutionibus Orbium Coe

13、lestium.While radically different from Ptolemys model,Copernicuss heliocentric theory was hardly an original idea.Similar theories had been proposed by Aristarchus as early as the third century B.C.,and Nicholas de Cusa,a German scholar,had independently made the same assertion in a book he publishe

14、d in 1440.We know for a fact that Copernicus was well aware of Aristarchuss priority,since his original draft of De Revolutionibus has survived and features a passage referring to Aristarchus which Copernicus crossed out so as not to compromise the originality of his theory.In his belief that his th

15、eory was an accurate description of nature rather than just a mathematical model,Copernicus was therefore not truly revolutionary.What was a little revolutionary was that Copernicus worked out his system in full mathematical detail in De Revolutionibus.By doing this,Copernicus went a step beyond Pto

16、lemy,de Cusa,and Aristarchus.Ptolemy had regarded his theory as simply a mathematic tool for calculation,having no physical basis.On the other side of the coin,de Cusa and Aristarchus had proposed a purely physical model,not endeavoring to mathematically investigate its consequences.Copernicuss most

17、 significant achievement was his combination of mathematics and physics,adapting physics to conform to his view of astronomical truth,with a good bit of cosmology thrown in for good measure.This achievement alone,however,hardly qualifies as a revolution.Copernicus offered mathematics which were ever

18、y bit as entangled as Ptolemys,and because he retained circular orbits,his system required the inelegant inclusion of epicycles and their accompanying complication.To Copernicuss credit,although his description was not any simpler than Ptolemys,it did require fewer basic assumptions.In addition,Cope

19、rnicuss theory explained some problems,such as the reason that Mercury and Venus are only observed close to the Sun (their orbits always kept them nearer the sun than Earth )and Marss retrograde motion(the Earth,traveling in its smaller orbit,overtakes Mars,causing Mars to appear to move change dire

20、ction and move backward relative to distant fixed stars).However,like Ptolemy,Copernicus could still not explain variations in the brightness of Venus.Copernicus was the first person in history to create a complete and general system,combining mathematics,physics,and cosmology.Yet,by themselves Cope

21、rnicuss achievements,do not constitute a revolution.Copernicus had been motivated to this theory by Neoplatonic and Pythagorean considerations.His reasoning seems to have been predominantly motivated by aesthetics.In his view,equally spaced planets in circular orbits would represent harmony in the u

22、niverse.But Copernicus had made no observations and stated no general laws.His mathematics could describe the motion of the planets,but his theory was of a very ad hoc nature.It took the accurate observational work of Brahe,the exhaustive mathematics of Kepler,and the mathematical genius of to take

23、Copernicuss theory as a starting point,and glean from it the underlying truths and laws governing celestial mechanics.Copernicus was an important player in the development of these theories,but his work would likely have likely remained in relative obscurity without the observational work of Brahe.I

24、t would have been discarded by the wayside,until subsequent investigation brought it back to light.It is likely,in fact,that given Kepler would have independently arrived at a heliocentric theory just in the process of interpreting Brahes data,and the scientific revolution would have been born anywa

25、y.To a large extent,then,Copernicus has achieved his prominent place in history through what amounted to a lucky,albeit shrewd,guess.It is therefore more appropriate to view Copernicuss achievements as a preliminary step towards scientific revolution,rather than a revolution in itself.高中英语 Unit1Grea

26、tScientistsCopernicus 素材新人教版必修 5 Polish name:Mikolaj Kopernik.Polish astronomer and mathematician who,as a student,studied canon law,mathematics,and medicine at Cracow,Bologna,Rome,Padua,and.Copernicus became interested in astronomy and published an early description of his heliocentric model of the

27、 solar system in Commentariolus(1512).In this model,the sun was actually not exactly the center of the solar system,but was slightly offset from the center using a device invented by Ptolemy known as the equant point.The idea that the Sun was the center of the solar system was not new(similar theori

28、es had been proposed by Aristarchus and Nicholas of Cusa),but Copernicus also worked out his system in full mathematical detail.Even though the mathematics in his description was not any simpler than Ptolemys,it required fewer basic assumptions.By postulating only the rotation of the Earth,revolutio

29、n about the sun,and tilt of Earths rotational axis,Copernicus could explain the observed motion of the heavens.However,because Copernicus retained circular orbits,his system required the inclusion of epicycles.Unfortunately,out of fear that his ideas might get him into trouble with the church,Copern

30、icus delayed publication of them.In 1539,Copernicus took on Rheticus as a student and handed over his manuscript to him to write a popularization of the heliocentric theory,published as Narratio Prima in 1540.Shortly before his death,Rheticus convinced Copernicus to allow publication of his original

31、 manuscript,and De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium was published in 1543.Copernicus proposed his theory as a true description,not just a theory to save appearances.Unlike Buridan and Oresme,he did not think that any theory which saved appearances was valid,instead believing that there could only be

32、 a single true theory.When the work was published,however,Andreas Osiander added an unauthorized preface stating that the content was merely a device to simplify calculations.Copernicus adapted physics to the demands of astronomy,believing that the principles of Ptolemys system were incorrect,not th

33、e math or observations.He was the first person in history to create a complete and general system,combining mathematics,physics,and cosmology.(Ptolemy,for instance,had treated each planet separately.)Copernicuss system was taught in some universities in the 1500s but had not permeated the academic w

34、orld until approximately 1600.Some people,among whom John Donne and William Shakespeare were the most influential,feared Copernicuss theory,feeling that it destroyed hierarchal natural order which would in turn destroy social order and bring about chaos.Indeed,some people(such as Bruno),used Coperni

35、cuss theory to justify radical theological views.Before Copernicus formulated his theory of the solar system,astronomy in Europe had stagnated.After the Almagest had been translated into Latin,European astronomers such as the Austrian mathematician Georg von Peurbach and the German astronomer Regiom

36、ontanus proposed no new theories,attempting instead to refine the flawed system already laid out by Ptolemy.The astronomy textbook used for teaching was still The Sphere,the same book that had been in use since the 1200s.Rather than formulating new theories,astronomers had busied themselves in savin

37、g appearances,which consisted of trying to patch it up Ptolemys cumbersome and inaccurate model.Copernicus,however,wiped the slate clean in a single broad stroke,and proposed a fundamentally different model in which the planets all circled the Sun in De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium.While radical

38、ly different from Ptolemys model,Copernicuss heliocentric theory was hardly an original idea.Similar theories had been proposed by Aristarchus as early as the third century B.C.,and Nicholas de Cusa,a German scholar,had independently made the same assertion in a book he published in 1440.We know for

39、 a fact that Copernicus was well aware of Aristarchuss priority,since his original draft of De Revolutionibus has survived and features a passage referring to Aristarchus which Copernicus crossed out so as not to compromise the originality of his theory.In his belief that his theory was an accurate

40、description of nature rather than just a mathematical model,Copernicus was therefore not truly revolutionary.What was a little revolutionary was that Copernicus worked out his system in full mathematical detail in De Revolutionibus.By doing this,Copernicus went a step beyond Ptolemy,de Cusa,and Aris

41、tarchus.Ptolemy had regarded his theory as simply a mathematic tool for calculation,having no physical basis.On the other side of the coin,de Cusa and Aristarchus had proposed a purely physical model,not endeavoring to mathematically investigate its consequences.Copernicuss most significant achievem

42、ent was his combination of mathematics and physics,adapting physics to conform to his view of astronomical truth,with a good bit of cosmology thrown in for good measure.This achievement alone,however,hardly qualifies as a revolution.Copernicus offered mathematics which were every bit as entangled as

43、 Ptolemys,and because he retained circular orbits,his system required the inelegant inclusion of epicycles and their accompanying complication.To Copernicuss credit,although his description was not any simpler than Ptolemys,it did require fewer basic assumptions.In addition,Copernicuss theory explai

44、ned some problems,such as the reason that Mercury and Venus are only observed close to the Sun (their orbits always kept them nearer the sun than Earth )and Marss retrograde motion(the Earth,traveling in its smaller orbit,overtakes Mars,causing Mars to appear to move change direction and move backwa

45、rd relative to distant fixed stars).However,like Ptolemy,Copernicus could still not explain variations in the brightness of Venus.Copernicus was the first person in history to create a complete and general system,combining mathematics,physics,and cosmology.Yet,by themselves Copernicuss achievements,

46、do not constitute a revolution.Copernicus had been motivated to this theory by Neoplatonic and Pythagorean considerations.His reasoning seems to have been predominantly motivated by aesthetics.In his view,equally spaced planets in circular orbits would represent harmony in the universe.But Copernicu

47、s had made no observations and stated no general laws.His mathematics could describe the motion of the planets,but his theory was of a very ad hoc nature.It took the accurate observational work of Brahe,the exhaustive mathematics of Kepler,and the mathematical genius of to take Copernicuss theory as

48、 a starting point,and glean from it the underlying truths and laws governing celestial mechanics.Copernicus was an important player in the development of these theories,but his work would likely have likely remained in relative obscurity without the observational work of Brahe.It would have been dis

49、carded by the wayside,until subsequent investigation brought it back to light.It is likely,in fact,that given Kepler would have independently arrived at a heliocentric theory just in the process of interpreting Brahes data,and the scientific revolution would have been born anyway.To a large extent,then,Copernicus has achieved his prominent place in history through what amounted to a lucky,albeit shrewd,guess.It is therefore more appropriate to view Copernicuss achievements as a preliminary step towards scientific revolution,rather than a revolution in itself.